Marketing - Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing - Pricing Strategy - Essay Example To ensure that the number of customers is controlled, the restaurant will charge high prices for their products while ensuring that the quality of food and other services provided are great. The statement of the restaurant should be to offer high quality food to the target market by ensuring emphasis on customized / personalized services. By adhering to the statement, the restaurant will aim at offering good food to the customers and at the same time be driven by the changes in the market (Milligan, 2012). This will ensure that the customers’ needs are met in a timely manner with customer considered king in the business operations. At the same time, offering of quality food and drinks will make the business operate within the legal requirements and cater for the interests of their stakeholders (Gupta, 2009). Because of this, the business will remain socially responsible and reduce costs that are associated with litigation charges. Most cases involving restaurants are based on tortuous actions or criminal proceedings if customers get injured or incur losses because of consuming food or having injuries in the restaurants. If the statement guiding the operations of the restaurant is maintenance of quality, the cases of such litigations will be minimized hence reducing costs. This statement would simultaneously cause customer satisfaction and loyalty. Every retailer in conducting business has the objective of maximizing returns ion the investment. Pricing is the only marketing mix element that generates cash to the business hence its importance. However, settling on the pricing strategy to use may not be an easy task to businesses. There are various pricing strategies including cost plus margin pricing, competitive pricing, psychological pricing, multiple pricing, discount pricing, and prestige pricing (Nagle Hogan & Zale, 2011). Any business that considers profit key however must thus consider the cost of production and ensure that the prices are above all the total costs and other overheads used in production. For the case of the upscale pricing, there is need for exclusion and uniqueness. The kinds of customers who are expected to be served in the restaurants are those of high class and will be interested in high quality services. They will thus be less sensitive to changes in the prices since they are also capable of paying even where charges are very high. Prestige pricing will therefore be the best pricing strategy to adopt in the restaurant (Nagle Hogan & Zale, 2011). Prestige pricing is one way that will ensure that the prices charged are above the costs and therefore make the business make huge profits to justify its operations and expansion of their services. In addition, the customers of upscale restaurant are those who need a feeling of being very important and non-ordinary. This makes them associate the high price with very high quality ad uniqueness. They will therefore be more comfortable with paying high prices than jus t the normal prices as a cost to the exclusive nature of their environment. In an upscale restaurant, highly qualified staffs who also expect to be paid highly normally prepare the food. The hotel attendants must be people with great skills and knowledge whose services are compensated very highly. In addition, the furniture, jewelers, and other beautification products to make the environment look prestigious make the customers overlook the

Friend Ship Essay Example for Free

Friend Ship Essay friendshipWhen is Friendship Day? Celebrate Friendship Day 2013 on August 4, Sunday Human beings are social creatures and have always valued the importance of friends in their lives. To celebrate this noble feeling it was deemed fit to have a day dedicated to friends and friendship. Accordingly, first Sunday of August was declared as a holiday in US in honor of friends by a Proclamation made by US Congress in 1935. Since then, World Friendship Day is being celebrated every year on the first Sunday in the month of August. | This beautiful idea of celebrating Friendship Day was joyfully accepted by several other countries across the world. And today, many countries including India, celebrate the first Sunday of August as Friendship Day every year. Celebrating Friendship Day in a traditional manner, people meet their friends and exchange cards and flowers to honor their friends. Lot many social and cultural organization too celebrate the occasion and mark Friendship Day by hosting programs and get together. It may be noted that some associations celebrate Friendship Day in an entirely different time of the year and with different customs. For instance, * National Friendship Day is on the first Sunday in August. * Womens Friendship Day is on the third Sunday in August * International Friendship Month is February * Old Friends, New Friends Week is the third week of May However, what is remarkably same is the idea behind the celebration of the day. Everywhere, people express love for their friends and cherish their presence in life. Friendship Day History There is not much literature on Friendship Day history as we celebrate today. However, there are numerous folktales and several instance in mythological legends that shows that friends and friendship have been valued since the beginning of civilized world. As an intrinsically social creature, men love to make friends to further this process of socialization. Friendship Day in IndiaFriendship Day has come to be celebrated in a big way in India. The noble idea of honoring friends and friendship has really caught on with the youth in India and one can see the festival being enthusiastically celebrated by the youth especially, students. Day Dedicated to Friends In tune with the spirit of the occasion, people dedicate Friendship Day festival to their best friends. Most choose to celebrate the entire day in the loving company of their dearest friends. Recollecting sweet memories of the time spent together and catching up with their lives over a cup of coffee is the idea of ideal Friendship Day celebration for many. Friends separated by geographical distances, call up their friends to express love and warmth for each other and to wish a Happy Friendship Day. With more and more people getting hooked to the net, many people also choose to chat with their friends with the help of Internet. Sending SMS and Friendship Day e-cards is another popular way of greetings friends. Friendship Day Celebrations in Schools and Colleges Friendship Day celebrations are particularly marked in schools and colleges in India. Euphoria of the day sets in days before the festival as everybody gets excited to wish their best friends in their own special way. Children make Friendship Day Cards or other special gift to thank their friends for their wonderful presence in their life. Exchange of Friendship Bands is the other most prominent feature of Friendship Day celebrations. Friends vie with each other as to who gets the most stylish band or who gets the maximum number of bands. In several colleges, special programs are also organized to mark the occasion. Most of these programs and events intend to give youth an opportunity to dance and sing with friends and have a good time. Friendship Day Parties Following their counterparts in the west, youth in India too mark Friendship Day by participating in Friendship Day parties or organizing bashes for their friends. Major crowd for Friendship Day can be seen in discotheques and pubs where people dance with friends on fast pace music and cherish the loving company of their pals. Such parties also give youth a chance to make new friends and widen their friendship circle. At present such bashes are more popular in metros and other big cities, however, youth in small towns too are warming up to the idea of partying on Friendship Day. Commercialization of Friendship Day Just as in US and several other countries, Friendship Day has been commercialized to a great extent in India. Days before the festival, gift marketers run an extensive campaign to lure the people to buy cards and gifts for their friends. Restaurateurs too try to entice people by offering special discounts or holding bashes. Several people criticize such excessive campaigning. They feel commercialization has marred to the idea behind observing Friendship Day and has turned it into a mere formality. Some people however feel that advertising campaign has helped to generate awareness about Friendship Day festival and the idea of having a day dedicated to friends. |

I Wish to Follow in the Steps of Hubert Harrison Essay -- Personal Nar

Diversity Statement - I Wish to Follow in the Steps of Hubert Harrison    Hubert Henry Harrison was born in 1883 in St. Croix, Virgin Islands, and became, by the 1920s, one of the nation's most prominent atheists.    Harrison was a controversial figure from an early age. Coming to New York City at 17, he used his knowledge of foreign languages to land a job with the postal service. This permitted him to pursue his passions for learning and writing. This latter pursuit soon landed him in hot water with his bosses, however, when he wrote an article critical of Booker T. Washington, a darling of the establishment.    In 1905 he turned to the law as a profession, but continued his writing, and also became a popular speaker. By age 24 he was contributing book reviews to the Sun, the Tribune, The Nation, and The New Republic.    Harrison served as editor of the magazine The Masses for four years. Soon, Harrison was one of the foremost intellectuals of the Harlem Renaissance, which was marked by a number of exciting, talented freethinkers.    Harrison's knowledge ... ...as too much to overcome, especially in addition to the racial prejudice which Harrison faced.    The measure of his success is not to be found in the history books, but in the recollections of those who knew and were influenced by him, and the contemporary press accounts of his achievements.    Harrison died in New York at the age of only 44. He left a legacy as one of the most outstanding persons of his day, a champion of the underprivileged and oppressed, a freethinker who overcame many obstacles to become a man to be admired by all.

personal :: essays research papers

Depression is a chronic mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and irritability. Many people do not realized that depression is a disease, it’s a real medical disorder where changes occur in the brain, and they have medicine that helps correct these imbalances. Depression has been described as a â€Å"whole-body illness† because it doesn’t only affect the person’s mood but can affect every aspect of a person’s life. Depression is an illness, not a state of mind or a weakness. Depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, but there are also other factors that may play a role as well, such as: environment - a significant loss, a difficult relationship or financial problems all produce stress. The body, by secreting extra amounts of certain hormones persisting for a long time, can produce changes in the brain actually killing some of the nerve cells. psychological - peoples whose personalities involve pessimistic thinking, low self-esteem and excessive worrying are more likely to develop depression. Genetics could also play a part - parents, siblings and children of depressed people are four times more likely to get depressed than a non-relative. Depression can affect anyone, any age. Even infants can become depressed, and may even die when they receive only a limited amount of human contact. Out of the estimated 17.6 million Americans suffering from depression each year, 1.5 million are children under eighteen. In teens depression is sometimes masked, shown in different ways like drugs, alcohol use, trouble in school, at home or with the law, withdrawal from social activities and sulkiness, grouchiness, and over-sensitivity. Sadness may be shown by wearing black clothes, writing poetry with morbid themes or music with nihilistic themes. Sleep disturbances may be shown by watching television all night, difficulty in getting up for school, or sleeping during the day. Lack of motivation and lowered energy level is reflected by missed classes. Getting lower grades than usual can show loss of concentration and slowed thinking. Boredom could also be a sign of depression in teens, loss of appetite may become anorexia or bulimia. Depression can appear to come out of nowhere, or it can be triggered by a life event such as the death of ones mother or the divorce of ones parents. According to the American Psychiatric Association, someone is depressed when loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, or feelings of sadness last without relief for at least two weeks.

Hong Kong Disneyland: Where Is The Magic Essay

The case study, â€Å"Hong Kong Disneyland: Where is the Magic†, analyzed Disney’s strategic decision to expand their product into Hong Kong. Disney entered into a joint venture with the Hong Kong government to build their third international theme park. The following analysis reviews why and how Disney entered the South-East Asian market using the CAGE analysis. We review the strategic management issues and decisions that were made as complications arose from the entry into Hong Kong market and opening of the new Hong Kong Disney. Also, we provide the major takeaways from Disney’s entry into the South-East Asian market. Hong Kong Environment By 1999, the year of Disney’s announcement, it was clear Hong Kong was in the throes of a recession for the first time in 20 years. Just two years earlier the Asian financial crisis swept through Hong Kong as reflected in the material drop in property prices and the 1998 contraction of the GDP from first quarter’s 2.6% to 5.1%, 6.9%, and 5.7% in the following quarters resulting in an overall reduction of 5.1%, nearly reversing in full the growth observed in 1997. The pain was felt in all sectors of the economy. While wages stagnated, spending on superfluous wants dropped significantly including tourism – Disney’s target sector in Hong Kong. Total spending dropped 2.4% from 1997 to 1998 though inbound visitors from China crept up 13.1% over 1997. Nevertheless, China’s population was booming and Hong Kong was the beneficiary of their tourism dollars at a time Disney was excited to gain direct access to the fastest growing country in the world. The American market for Disney was mature. They carefully managed the evolution of their theme parks in such a way that uniquely positioned them to branch out into growing markets with a seemingly seamless approach, which they observed in their successful Tokyo endeavor. Their proprietary theme park experience was an untapped opportunity in Hong Kong. Theme parks in general were not in short supply in Asia in the late ‘90s, highlighting their popularity. Between 1994 and ‘99 2,000 new parks were built in China alone. Disney had the benefit of coming in with an established brand and product to take advantage of the popular theme park sector. Since the Disney name and all that comes with it were internationally popular and the notion of the American Dream was popular in Asia, the cultural and even language differences were thought to be largely inconsequential. Decision to Go Global The American market was stagnant which made expansion into global markets an attractive option. Disney has great success operating as a holiday destination so setting up shop in a large city abroad filled with tourists would create a great potential market. One of Disney’s boasted strengths was their ability to create a happy and magical place, where their guests can relive fond memories and become inspired. Disney has been very successful using architecture, landscaping, costumes, music, entertainment, attractions, merchandise and food to create exotic, fairy tale like, and adventurous atmospheres within one theme park at the same time. The parks in America were extremely well managed and organized in which the guest routes throughout the park were pre-determined and the staff had been rigorously trained. The company was confident with local research and hired expertise they could easily adapt for Chinese culture differences and have similar success as Tokyo Disney. The company planned to make a few modifications to Disney’s current management style to meet local expectations, such as architecture and menu items. Disney did not see Ocean Park as a serious competitor and therefore made few changes to their marketing plan. The park was established in 1977, and was marketed as a nature-centered park though performance was described as â€Å"lackluster† and â€Å"not aggressive enough† where advertising and product development were concerned. Disney priced tickets at nearly double the price  of Ocean Park’s tickets and gave little incentive to travel agents for tickets booked. Target: Hong Kong After two vastly different experiences opening international Disney parks, an ownership venture into an Asian country was a given. Tokyo Disneyland had been extremely successful from day one with little demand for cultural assimilation; Disney was ready to open their own park in Asia. In the early 2000’s Hong Kong was showing signs of recovery from the recession. In 2004, the economy experienced an 8.1% increase in GDP and in increase in local consumer spending and confidence. That same year the region also received an enormous number of tourists a year, approximately 21.8 million visitors with 12.45 from mainland China. With the expansion of the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) the growing presence of the Chinese visitors could be counted on. It was a known fact that the Chinese enjoyed visiting theme parks from the massive number built throughout the mainland in the 90’s. However, the only attraction park in the region was becoming outdated and was no longer viewed as a main attraction. The region’s government was interested in joining Disney in a joint venture which would ease some of the financial concerns of company expansion. With the growing presence of Chinese tourists, one direct competitor, and involvement of the regional government Hong Kong was a very attractive market opportunity. Joint Venture Decision Entering foreign markets is accomplished via three major approaches: export/import, licensing, and/or foreign investment. Disney had experience with all methods prior to entering Hong Kong with varying degrees of success. They have exported products throughout the world, used a licensing approach to enter Japan, and a direct investment approach to enter France/Europe. In deciding the entry mode to Hong Kong, past experiences may have contributed to selecting joint venture as the best entry mode to Hong Kong. The overwhelming success of Tokyo Disneyland suggests licensing is not the best strategy. Disney was not able to fully capitalize on the success of Tokyo Disneyland. They only collected licensing fees, thus missing out on  the opportunity to enhance revenues by limiting their stake to just licensing fees. The success of this entity was at least partially due to the ‘aspirational quality’ of American culture exhibited by the Japanese. Further analysis of past market entry experience suggested direct investment may not be the best option either. Disney chose direct investment when entering the European market being a controlling shareholder in the Euro Disney entity. Euro Disney found itself saddled with large debt struggling to survive. Unlike the Japanese experience, the French believed Disney was practicing cultural imperialism through its operation. Needless to say the French do not share the same aspirational quality of American culture as the Japanese. In looking to Hong Kong, Disney had to look at these past experiences to find a happy medium between the success of Tokyo and the less successful entry to Europe. Thus a joint venture with the government of Hong Kong was born. This entry mode allows Disney to share more risk, unlike Euro Disney, but also reap a greater benefit in the event Hong Kong proves to be as successful as Tokyo Disneyland. The joint venture setup with the Hong Kong government should, in theory at least, allow Disney to avoid the cultural missteps of Euro Disney while making entry smoother and paving the way to greater profits. Having selected a joint venture as the entry method, was their entry successful? The price to enter the park was nearly double the competition. Not necessarily a problem until you look at survey results showing ~70% of respondents expected a lower admission price. Coupled with a poor commission structure for travel agents, Disney was off to a rough start once the park opened. Even before the park opened there were problems. Public criticism was directed at the nature of the joint venture; operating the park as a private entity with public funding was not well-received. Fire ant colonies were found throughout the property. Testing of firework displays led to complaints from area residents and local officials. In response, Disney  refused to use a less noisy system used in other Disney properties as they argued they were following local regulations. This inflexible approach led to animosity between the company and locals. Additionally, packs of wild dogs were using the park as a location to scour for food leading to visitor safety concerns. Attempting to learn from their experience in France, Disney endeavored to integrate local customs and practices into park design including using feng shui. However, the decision to offer shark’s fin soup caused another problem. Local conservationists argued this was a status symbol and not a local custom. They pointed to the competition not offering this delicacy as a good example. Once the park opened, there were further issues. Reaching park capacity, turning people away and long queues were unforeseen operational issues resulting in further headaches for Disney. Despite looking to their past for guidance, taken as a whole, Disney’s initial entry into Hong Kong was not very successful. Lessons Learned Disney has numerous lessons to be learned from the opening of the Hong Kong theme park, some of which were available to them before making the Hong Kong decision based on their moves into other countries. The common theme among these lessons is that Disney needed to better understand the context of their business venture before starting, throughout the implementation process and post opening. In the case of Disney and Hong Kong, the relevant context includes competition, supporting industries, the cultural setting, and understanding the target customers’ wants and measurement of satisfaction. The first lesson the Walt Disney Company learned while expanding into Hong Kong is to understand pricing structure. Their main competitor, Ocean Park was more aggressive in sales on mainland China by offering better commission rates to travel agents. The university study showed expectations for adult pricing ranged would be in the range of HK$200 – HK$300 while the actual price was HK$295 on weekdays and HK$350 on weekends. This pushed potential  guests out of the Disney market to lower priced Ocean Park. The second lesson learned from the Hong Kong Disney expansion is a better understanding of the overall Honk Kong theme park marketplace. Disney seemed to be fighting back. They were not acting proactively towards employee union work conditions, green initiatives, animal rights activists and the â€Å"Disney Hunters† who brought to light inhuman labor practices. Disney spent a lot of time repairing its reputation from marketplace issues rather than projecting the Disney image to potential guests. The third lesson learned is an operational issue. Disney should have had smaller more manageable openings, leading to larger crowds. Opening the park to maximum occupancy for a charity event was noble but created only downside risk to Disney operations. They saw quickly they could not handle the crowds in every aspect. After the fact they basically blamed their customers believing the problems stemmed from a lack of understanding the flexible ticking system. The last lesson learned is for Disney to be more local in all regards. First, hire local high level managers to run parts of the operation. This could have avoided several issues like the Chinese New Year ticketing problem, management turnover, inspections and catering menu options. Also, the Hong Kong people working on the project would not have felt they were being forced to manage to the Disney policies. In summary, Disney’s strategic decision to enter into the Hong Kong market via joint venture with the government was a logical decision. Tapping into the China market, home to the worlds most populated country and a fast growing economy, Honk Kong Disneyland seem destined for success. However, as with past international expansions Disney faced a whirlwind of cultural, economic and management issues that tainted the original vision to spread Disney magic into South-East Asian market

Microeconomics - Help and Resources for Students

Microeconomics - Help and Resources for Students This page contains links to economics articles on this site. Most of the major topics in microeconomics have at least one article associated with them, but this is a work in progress and more will be added every month.   Collective Action - Microeconomics The Logic of Collective Action Costs - Microeconomics How to Understand and Calculate Cost Measures (Note: Includes Marginal Cost, Total Cost, Fixed Cost, Total Variable Cost, Average Total Cost, Average Fixed Cost, and Average Variable Cost.) Demand - Microeconomics What Is The Demand For Money?Price Elasticity of DemandIncome Elasticity of DemandCross-Price Elasticity of DemandCost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull Inflation Economic Scale - Microeconomics Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale Elasticity - Microeconomics Beginners Guide to ElasticityPrice Elasticity of DemandIncome Elasticity of DemandCross-Price Elasticity of DemandPrice Elasticity of SupplyArc Elasticity Income - Microeconomics The Effect of Income Taxes on Economic GrowthIncome Elasticity of DemandFairTax - Income Taxes vs. Sales Taxes Inflation and Deflation - Microeconomics Cost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull InflationWhy Dont Prices Decline During A Recession?What is Deflation and How Can It Be Prevented? Markets - Microeconomics How Markets Use Information To Set Prices Money - Microeconomics What Was The Gold Standard?What Is The Demand For Money?How Much Is The Per-Capita Money Supply?Why Does Money Have Value?Are Credit Cards a Form of Money?When Stock Prices Go Down, Where Does the Money Go?Expansionary Monetary Policy vs. Contractionary Monetary PolicyWhy Not Just Print More Money? Prices - Microeconomics Price Elasticity of DemandCross-Price Elasticity of DemandPrice Elasticity of SupplyWhy Dont Prices Decline During A Recession?What is Arbitrage?When Stock Prices Go Down, Where Does the Money Go?How Markets Use Information To Set Prices Quotas and Tariffs - Microeconomics Why Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas?The Economic Effect of Tariffs Short Run vs. Long Run - Microeconomics The Difference Between Short and Long Run Supply - Microeconomics How Much is the Per Capita Money Supply in the U.S.?The Oil SupplyPrice Elasticity of Supply Taxes and Subsidies - Microeconomics The Effect of Income Taxes on Economic GrowthWhy Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas? Voting Systems - Microeconomics Proportional Representation vs. First-Past-The-Post

Battleship Potemkin

Battleship Potemkin Introduction Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film Battleship Potemkin represents a classical example of formalist editing in cinematography. According to most well-known enthusiasts of this style of editing, such as Pudovkin and Eisenstein himself, the semantic significance of film’s mise en scene should not be dialectically explored but rather constructed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battleship Potemkin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both individuals tended to perceive the process of movie’s editing as being similar to the process of composing music – just as composer constructs a melody out of individually sounding and often dissonant musical notes, film’s director endows a particular scene with semiotic significance by the mean of providing scene’s takes with contextual wholesomeness. While outlining the essence of formalist editing, Gianetti (2001) states: â€Å"The envir onment of the scene is the source of the images. Long shots are rare. Instead, a barrage of close-ups (often of objects) provides the audience with the necessary associations to link together the meaning† (p. 157). Given the fact that Eisenstein never ceased being closely affiliated with promotion of Communist agenda, it comes as not a particular surprise that he had chosen in favor of formalist editing – by juxtaposing scenes’ seemingly unrelated shots, he was able to endow his films with clearly defined ideological sounding. In the same book from which we have already quoted, Gianetti provides us with the insight onto the actual technique of Eisenstein’s style of editing: â€Å"The conflict of two shots (thesis and antithesis) produces a wholly new idea (synthesis). Thus, in film terms, the conflict between shot A and shot B is not AB but a qualitatively new factor- C† (p. 158). In the next part of this paper, we will explore how Eisenstein went a bout applying the methods of formalist editing in Battleship Potemkin at length. Analytical part Even the very beginning of Battleship Potemkin is being perfectly illustrative of how the utilization of formalist editing in film can achieve a strong dramatic effect. At first, there is a take of battleship’s physician wearing a monocle, meant to emphasize his association with the class of bourgeoisie (00.05.43). After that, follows the shot of maggots crawling all over the piece of meat, which was supposed to serve ship’s sailors as food (00.05.45). After having exposed viewers to this take for a while, Eisenstein sharply replaces it with the shot of angry expression on sailors’ faces (00.05.60). It is needless to mention, of course, that from purely semantic perspective, the sequence of these shots does not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Nevertheless, after having watched this particular scene, viewers quite unintentionally get to absorb the idea that Eisenstein wanted them to absorb – namely, the fact that, while serving in Russian Imperial Fleet, sailors used to be subjected to a number of different abuses, which had prompted them to revolt. Just as it is being often the case with today’s TV commercials, the main idea that combined earlier mentioned shots into something that conveyed cognitively recognizable ideological message, only existed in director’s imagination. And, it is namely the fact that Eisenstein was a master of psychological manipulation, which had allowed him to impose his obscure and morally repugnant ideas upon viewers as representing some objective value. Another clue as to the actual essence of Eisenstein’s formalist editing can be found in the scene where revolutionary speakers address angry mob (00.41.32 – 00.42.19). Given the fact that Battleship Potemkin is a silent movie, exposing viewers to the sight of crazed revolutionaries encouraging marginalized crowds to kill nobles, while intensely gesturing, making angry faces and spewing saliva, during the course of the process, does not appear rationally motivated – after all, there is no sound in the movie. Nevertheless, by having this particular scene presented in his film, Eisenstein did not aim at subjecting viewers to Communist propaganda per se, but rather at making them cognitively comfortable with this propaganda as a concept, because on subconscious level, people tend to associate emotional intensity with intellectual honesty. In other words, just as it is being the case with the shots of maggots crawling over the piece of meat, the shots of hook-nosed political activists instigating ‘proletarians’ to overthrow Czar had served the cause of psychological manipulation, on director’s part – a clearly formalist editing technique. Neverthel ess, it is specifically the scene of czarist police shooting at civilians in Odessa, which provides us with the full understanding of how the utilization of formalist editing had helped Battleship Potemkin to attain a cult status. After police fires a salvo at demonstrators, we get to watch the following sequence of structurally unrelated takes: people running down the ‘Potemkin stairs’ (00.49.23), some kids laying on these stairs and crying, while being stepped upon (00.50.08), a bug-eyed woman experiencing an emotional distress (00.50.12), the older woman making jesters with her hands (00.51.18), one-legged man maneuvering through the running people on his crutches (00.51.48), police officers firing another salvo (00.51.51), woman with a baby in her hands catching the bullet (00.52.53), people running again in a chaotic manner (00.53.07), and finally the baby-carriage with a baby rolling down the stairs on its own (00.54.57), with this shot climaxing the whole scene.A dvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battleship Potemkin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, Einstein was well aware of the fact that, even though the scenes of police shooting at civilians do not occur very often in reality, his depiction of such a scene nevertheless would be perceived by viewers as perfectly plausible, due to its strongly defined emotional undertones. In their turn, these undertones had been brought about by director’s mastery in utilization of formalist editing. Conclusion Even though that in ‘artsy’ circles, the application of formalist editing in cinematography is being often considered as the only appropriate, due to such editing’s ‘sophistication’, the majority of movie goers do not subscribe to this point of view. And, this has nothing to do with their lessened intellectual abilities, as is being implied by enthusiasts of ‘auteur’ genr e in cinematography, but simply with the fact that this style of editing does not correspond to the linearly defined workings of Westerners’ psyche. In formalistically edited movie, there is very little of an actual movie, but mostly theory. The watching of Einstein’s Battleship Potemkin is like observing Malevich’s Black Square painting – without having been introduced to both individuals’ highly irrational and superficially sophisticate life-philosophies, it would prove quite impossible to define the actual significance of their cinematographic/artistic creations’ themes and motifs, if we assume that they do exist. As Gianetti had put it: â€Å"Eisensteins theories of collision montage have been explored primarily in the avant-garde cinema, music videos, and TV commercials. Most fiction film ­makers have found them too intrusive and heavy-handed† (p. 168). Thus, even though in Battleship Potemkin Einstein did succeed with providin g an emotional appeal to the Communist cause, he nevertheless had failed in making this particular movie watchable – after all, viewers do not particularly enjoy the feeling of being intellectually manipulated by the mean of being forced to accept director’s own ideological agenda as representing an undeniable truth-value. References Gianetti, L. (2001). Understanding movies. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Learning Pronouns - Beginner Level ESL Lesson Plan

Learning Pronouns - Beginner Level ESL Lesson Plan The use of pronouns often seeps into the lessons in a number of different aspects: Subject pronouns are discussed when forming and conjugating sentences in the various tenses, object pronouns are introduced through questions words such as who or by a discussion of transitive and intransitive verbs, possessive pronouns and adjectives also get thrown into the mix by discussing the question word whose, or when pointing out how the possessive adjective modifies the noun. I find it helpful to to wrap all these together in a single lesson, as well as the demonstrative pronouns this, that, these and those to help students understand the relationship between the various forms. The lesson comes in two parts: First, students review, identify and create a pronoun chart. Next, students begin to use the pronouns to refer to objects that they have placed on a table. Finally, once students have become relatively comfortable with using personal pronouns, they can add demonstrative pronouns to the mix. Here is an outline of the lesson. This lesson can be used as a means of review, or, as an introduction to the various uses of pronouns (and the possessive adjective) for exceptionally motivated classes. Aim: Develop a deeper understanding of personal and demonstrative pronouns Activity: Chart fill-in, personal object questioning Level: Beginning to lower-intermediate Outline: Reviewing the Forms with a Chart Write four sentences on the board each containing a different type of pronoun (or possessive adjective), preferably using the same person. For example:He has an interesting book.Give him that interesting book.Thats his interesting book.That interesting book is his.Point out the grammatical differences in form between each of these forms. If students have never studied these forms before in an overview, print out this pronoun chart or write on the board.Using the same sentence with minor variations, go through each pronoun and possessive form for various subjects. Ask students to provide the correct change for each sentence as a class.Once students have become comfortable with these changes, ask them to fill out the first chart providing the correct pronoun or adjective form. Understanding Demonstrative Pronouns Now that the explicit learning has been accomplished, its time for some fun. Place a table at the front or in the middle of the classroom.Ask each student to provide an object or objects on the table.Begin asking questions using the objects. At this point it is also a good idea to introduce the idea of demonstrative pronouns. First model the questions and answers: For example:Teacher: Whose is this backpack here? - That is Marcos backpack there.Is this Annas pencil? - No, that isnt Annas pencil.etc.Explain that this and that are used with single objects, these and those are used in the plural. Point out that this and these are used with objects that are here (or close by), and that and those are used objects there (or far away). Phrases such as this - here / that - there are helpful.Continue asking questions with this and these eliciting students responses of these and those. Real World Task to Tie it All Together Ask students to come forward and choose an item which does not belong to them. Each student should create four sentences about the object(s) they choose. For example:This is Annas pencil.She has a pencil.It is her pencil.The pencil is hers.I give her the pencil.(student walks over and hands the item back)Feel free to model this a few times until the students understand what is expected.Repeat with different personal objects. The activity of getting up and retrieving items while using the various forms will help students acquire the grammar through real world application. Pronoun Chart Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I you his hers its none we your theirs

Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Innovation Report - Essay Example This paper will examine the impact of innovation on Apple, Microsoft, Nike Inc. and describe how each company’s strategy, processes, products, and or services have been affected by innovation. To understand the impact of innovation on strategy, processes, products and services the definition of innovation needs to be understood. Innovation is not about designing new products, innovation is about creating or delivering to customer’s products or services they don’t even know they want but now they must have (Harvard Business Review 2009). Innovation is the thought of a new creative method; process or idea to a service or product already in existence and that has worked well but now has been changed or modified to fulfill a different need, market or demand. The change or modification will then bring additional revenue to the organization as a result of the innovative process. (Burns, T., and Stalker, 2006, 02) Strategy refers to how the organization will obtain the ends it seeks to achieve; strategy refers to a position taken by the organization. Processes are the learning, designing and planning of the strategy. Products are the results of goods through manufa cturing or a service. Services are the efforts or work by one person or group of persons who benefit another person or group of people, services are considered to be intangible (Betina, 2003). The impact of innovation is clear when looking at how any organization reacts and interacts with the changes of the market. The first organization that will be evaluated is Microsoft. Microsoft is one of the most profitable, most innovative and successful organizations in the world. Microsoft has successfully used innovation to maintain a competitive advantage and market share. Founded in 1975 Microsoft is the world leader in software services, solutions, applications and services that help business operate and stay competitive (Human resource management 2008). Microsoft is at the forefront of innovation and

Literary theory is an organon of methods. Discuss this statement Essay

Literary theory is an organon of methods. Discuss this statement - Essay Example From this line of thinking, someone can deduce the meaning of synonyms/unethical words, the meaning of homonymous/equivocal, and the meaning of paronymous/denominative words. These facts lead to the divisibility of speech into either simple, or structured with composition1. Only structured forms of speech can be false or true. What is said of a subject can be said to be the description of the subject as a whole. Under normal circumstances, what is said about a subject is always meant to answer the question of exactly what the subject is. What is said to be contained in a subject is always meant to describe the content of the subject. These are things whose existence completely depend on the existence of the subject. What is contained in a subject can also be referred to as inherence. Some things can be predicated of a subject, but do not exist in any subject. For instance, â€Å"man† might be predicated of John or James, but fail to be in any subject. Some things can be in a subject, but cannot be predicated of a subject. In such cases, a certain specific point of grammatical knowledge is in the subject but cannot be predicated of any subject because of its individuality. Some things have the ability to be predicated of a subject and be in a subject. A good example of such a case will be science. Science is in the mind as in a subject while at the same time can be predicated of geometry. There are also things that cannot be in any subject, neither can they be predicated of any subject. The reason as to why they cannot be predicted is that they are individuals. They cannot be in a subject because they are substances2. Organon can also help in the comprehensive, explicit, and formal understanding of the relationship between logic and language. Basic linguistic formscan be classified into prepositions and simple terms, verbs and nouns, negation, the number of simple propositions, on modal propositions, and studies on the excluded

Critically analyse why nursing care of care of patients depends upon Essay

Critically analyse why nursing care of care of patients depends upon evidence from research and is not so much reliant upon opinion and ritual - Essay Example Ritual-based nursing care, on the other hand, follows nursing procedures that have been designed and documented to be followed (Eizenberg, 2010). Here nurses implement directions without questioning their reasons or effectiveness. Individually held opinions and rituals, therefore, are being practiced without acknowledgement of the reason for their practice. Evidence based nursing practice is aimed at achieving the provision of the highest quality of nursing care. It is more effective than relying on the traditional diagnosing and treatment methods since it employs contemporary knowledge during the decision making process (McCrae, 2011). Of late, nurses are increasingly giving evidence-based nursing care preference over ritual-based and opinion-based. This paper critically analyses why this is so. It does so by pointing out the importance and benefits of relying on research evidence and showing the implications of evidence-based practice on nurses and their profession. A ritual is a predetermined order of performing an activity (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2009). Opinion and ritual-based nursing practices involve administering nursing care practices without thinking of the reasons behind such a practice (Makic et al, 2013). A nurse in this model undertakes a nursing practice primarily because it has always been done that way. Nursing practices based on rituals and opinions are characterized by ceremonial and observance practices. There is extensive observation of protocols and formality. Prescription is based on stereotyping individuals and routines (Stevens, 2013). The ritual-based model was popular among the nurses in the past because the nurses were not tasked with making decisions that would make them liable. The nurses were, essentially, not decision makers but rather implementers of book details. As long as they implement the manual instructions to the latter, they had the satisfaction that they had

Final Paper (Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance) Research

Final (Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance) - Research Paper Example Through this process, bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. This genetic mutation may be spontaneous, or induced by horizontal gene transfer through conjugation, transduction and transformation. The use of antibiotics can increase selective pressure in a bacterial population that will lead to thriving of resistant bacteria and death of vulnerable bacteria. In this regard, the resistant bacteria will reproduce offspring that is resistant to antibiotics. In general bacterial resistance may be in form of change in permeability of the cell that prevents entry of the antibiotics or pumping the antibiotic out of the cell, acquiring the ability to inactivate the antibiotic or acquisition of mutations that modifies the target of an antibiotic. Common resistant bacteria include; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vanmyocin-resistant S. aureus (Wright, 2005). Antibiotics have different modes of action that is either through inhibiting bacterial growth by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis or blocking bacterial protein synthesis by binding to RNA preventing translation. Ampicillin is a beta-lactam or beta-lactamase inhibitor combination with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. Ampicillin is a significant drug in the therapeutic drug for lower respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, gynaecological infections, skin and soft tissue infections. In this experiment a single colony was used to as a starting material to grow a culture of bacteria. Therefore the cells in the colony will be genetically identical because they have the same mother cell. The genetic variation in the colony will only be a result of accumulation of random mutations. The main aim of this experiment is to determine if random mutations in the population will result to a small number of cells to become resistant to antibiotics

Mergers and acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mergers and acquisitions - Essay Example HCL EAS Limited ("HCL EAS"), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of HCL, for the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Axon at a price of 650 pence in cash per Axon Share (including the Interim Dividend of 2.25 pence announced on 26 August 2008) On 2 October 2008, the Axon Board announced that it had withdrawn its recommendation for the Infosys Acquisition and intended to recommend unanimously the HCL Offer On November 25, Axon approved the scheme of arrangement to implement its acquisition by HCL EAS. HCL got 99.9 per cent votes in its favor and the company acquired 34.7 million shares of the British firm On 15 December, 2008 HCL Technologies completed its ?441 million (around Rs 3,100 crore) cash offer Axon Group Plc. Deal Structure Analysis HCL EAS, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of HCL Technologies which had been formed specifically for the purposes of making the offer, announced a cash offer to acquire the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Axon for ? 441.1 mn. HCL EAS is a private limited company incorporated in England and Wales and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of HCL Technologies. Axon shareholders received for each Axon Share 647.75 pence in cash. Shareholders who were on the register of members of Axon on 24 October 2008 will also be entitled to receive an additional 2.25 pence for each Axon Share held by way of the Interim Dividend. Such Shareholders therefore received an aggregate of 650 pence per Axon Share. Financing arrangements: The cash consideration payable by HCL EAS under the terms of the HCL Acquisition was funded using a combination of the HCL Group’s existing resources and committed loan facility arranged by Standard Chartered for the purposes of the HCL Acquisition. New debt was given to HCL EAS pursuant to a... The paper affirms that there are many theories and motives that have given us useful reasons why mergers and acquisitions that take place. Williamson proposed the concept of transaction cost economics (TCE) through which an organization can find out ways of optimizing its activities so that the production and transaction costs are minimized. He proposed that it is generally cheaper to buy a generic product from an outsider which is having its core competency in the same area. However, firms might be interested in internalizing the above exchange. Therefore, firms might want to acquire other organizations. Another parallel theory that is often cited is the theory of resource dependence. It is proposed that organization exchange resources within their environment which include suppliers or competitors. Theorists claim that organizations go for acquisitions to take control over critical resources in order to decrease its dependence on outside. Mergers and acquisitions lead to organizati ons having access to critical resources thereby increasing their market power. Another motive in organizations going for mergers and acquisitions is the drive for organizations to acquire knowledge. Firms acquire or merge with other companies in order to take advantage of opportunities in organizational learning. This theory is based on the increasing importance of knowledge in achieving competitive advantage. Mergers are a preferred more of acquiring specific technical skills and capabilities that are difficult to buy.

Final Paper (Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance) Research

Final (Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance) - Research Paper Example Through this process, bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. This genetic mutation may be spontaneous, or induced by horizontal gene transfer through conjugation, transduction and transformation. The use of antibiotics can increase selective pressure in a bacterial population that will lead to thriving of resistant bacteria and death of vulnerable bacteria. In this regard, the resistant bacteria will reproduce offspring that is resistant to antibiotics. In general bacterial resistance may be in form of change in permeability of the cell that prevents entry of the antibiotics or pumping the antibiotic out of the cell, acquiring the ability to inactivate the antibiotic or acquisition of mutations that modifies the target of an antibiotic. Common resistant bacteria include; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vanmyocin-resistant S. aureus (Wright, 2005). Antibiotics have different modes of action that is either through inhibiting bacterial growth by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis or blocking bacterial protein synthesis by binding to RNA preventing translation. Ampicillin is a beta-lactam or beta-lactamase inhibitor combination with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. Ampicillin is a significant drug in the therapeutic drug for lower respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, gynaecological infections, skin and soft tissue infections. In this experiment a single colony was used to as a starting material to grow a culture of bacteria. Therefore the cells in the colony will be genetically identical because they have the same mother cell. The genetic variation in the colony will only be a result of accumulation of random mutations. The main aim of this experiment is to determine if random mutations in the population will result to a small number of cells to become resistant to antibiotics

Tone Analysis of Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Tone Analysis of Poems - Essay Example The two poems taken for discussion are Phillis Wheatley’s On Being Brought from Africa to America and William Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper. The analysis of these two poems is done by identifying the tone of voice in each of the poems by concentrating on the specific words that the poet chooses to set the mood of the poem and to express his/her attitude regarding the subject. Phillis Wheatley’s On Being Brought from Africa to America addresses the society’s prejudices about perceiving the notion of race, religion, and identity. The poem is written in a satirical tone, expressing the poet’s mixed attitudes of gratefulness and resentment towards the society. Wheatley starts the poem with a grateful attitude from her personal experiences of Christian salvation and enlightenment of soul; nevertheless, she abruptly turns the poem’s tone into a satirical one, condemning the cultural norms of racism. The poem’s ironic tone can be seen in her personification of ‘mercy’ as a kind owner or Savior who had brought her from the Pagan land. The poet posits a plosive style in using the word ‘Pagan land’ to depict the land as a place of benighted souls. Similarly, she uses words like ‘benighted soul’, ‘sable race’, ‘scornful eye’, and ‘diabolic die’ to portray the society’s dark impression of black people and their land. The poet also expresses a sarcastic tone by comparing slavery and redemption as a grateful act of her oppressors. â€Å"Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.† The word choices like â€Å"Pagan†, â€Å"Saviour†, â€Å"Christians†, and â€Å"Cain† are allusions to biblical scriptures, providing theological implications to the subject matter of racism. The usage of biblical simile, â€Å"Black as Cain† depicts the association of sin with black color.  

The Need for Educators Essay Example for Free

The Need for Educators Essay The American Nurses Association (ANA) states nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations,† (ANA, 2012). However, what happens when there are not enough nurses to care for humanity? For many years now there has been a significant nurse shortage, rendering this topic the focus of myriad studies which scrutinize, analyze, and reanalyze the cause, effect, and solutions for this crisis (Webber, 1994). According to author, Hinshaw, (2001) â€Å"The shortage of nursing faculty is interwoven with the current national shortage of nurses,† (p. 1). The article, A Continuing Challenge: The Shortage of Educationally Prepared Nursing Faculty, highlights a number of factors which contribute to the shortage of nursing faculty, and the direct impact these influences have on the nationwide nursing shortage. There are several factors this article is successful in examining. Similar to the nursing shortage itself, the aging baby boomer population, now seeking retirement, is one of the main causes for increase in nursing faculty shortages (Hinshaw, 2001). Thus there is an exodus of retiring nursing professionals leaving the workforce and not enough new nurses to replace them, filling their positions. Additionally, this article brings to light an issue often neglected in realizing among nurses. â€Å"The other major problem is not only that nursing faculty are aging, but the average age for assistant professors is also increasing due to nurses entering academia later in their careers. This means that their time for potential productivity as leaders and scholars is being curtailed,† These issues necessitate an even higher demand for nursing faculty and an increase in availability for students within nursing education programs. Fang, Wilsey-Wisniewski, Bednash, (2006) assert that that over 40,000 qualified nursing applicants were turned away in the 2005-2006 academic year from baccalaureate nursing programs due to a lack of masters and doctoral qualified faculty, and that this number was increased over 9,000 from 32,000 qualified but rejected students from just two years earlier Hinshaw states. â€Å"Several other factors contribute to this dilemma: increased number of opportunities within the profession, along with non-competitive salaries in academia in relation to a major financial investment in doctoral education, and also the high expectations for academic positions,† (2001). Nurses who receive graduate and advanced practice degrees, possess the academic preparedness and credentials, which allow them more professional choices. Among these choices are administrative, entrepreneurial, clinical research, and academic positions. Furthermore, other nursing positions mentioned offer significantly higher financial compensation and render faculty salaries non-competitive, (Hinshaw, 2001). â€Å"The average annual salary for an associate professor of nursing with a masters degree is nearly 20 percent less that the average salary for a nurse practitioner with a masters degree, according to the 2007 salary survey by the journal ADVANCE for Nurse Practitioners† (Congress, 2009). Currently there are several strategies that have been reviewed, to alleviate the nursing shortage dilemma, for example; â€Å"Federal and private support for experienced nurses to enhance their education† (Hinshaw, 2001). In 2009, The Nurses Higher Education and Loan Repayment Act was established, offering a graduate degree loan repayment program with hopes for enticing nurses to become nurse educators. Such federal incentives are attempts to reduce the disparity of ratios between nurse educators and nursing students. Strategies for phasing and transitioning, has been another suggestion described in this article. â€Å"This author has found this a valuable strategy for retaining important expertise to have available to the junior faculty while showing respect (and remuneration) for the senior faculty involved,† (Hinshaw, 2001). One suggestion to propose would be more flexibility in scheduling for working nurses to continue their education. Many facilities desire their nurses to advance their studies, but fail to provide them with a more flexible schedule. This is a deterrent with many nurses and had been a large issue with me transitioning in going back to school. In final analysis, this article is thought provoking, and addresses key causes, effects, and possible strategies needed to resolve the nursing shortage dilemma. Numerous strategies are outlined in depth, and written in a clear, concise manner enabling full reader comprehension. Hinshaw encourages her audience to face the factors involved in this current nursing crisis, and for nursing professionals to consider the possible strategies they can participate in, and assist in implementing for this decade. It is important to inform the public of the issues that essentially effect everyone. Furthermore, educating the public, provides them with the information needed to make informed decisions when voting, and supporting certain health care policies.

Network Attacks in Real Time Scenario Over Campus Network

Network Attacks in Real Time Scenario Over Campus Network Amit Mahajan* Vibhakar Mansotra** ABSTRACT This paper presents study of attacks in real time scenario over the campus network. The attacks were monitored over a time and analyses were made. The paper discusses about the dependency over the IDS/IPS signatures and proposes for a solution which records the events with raw traffic and visualizes the traffic to give better understanding of the behavior of the traffic flow over the network. Keywords: UTM, Attacks, Visualization, Afterglow, tcpdump. I INTRODUCTION Networks have been under attack from the time Internet came into existence. There is consistently some lack of determination connected with the effect of these attacks. In the present situation of PC innovation, any institution can have enormous machine frameworks of distinctive natures. With the advancement of technology, Organizations have started facing difficulties due to different types of computer viruses and attacks. This resulted in tremendous loss of the internal assets like data and utility of time. Thus there is an urgent need to study these attacks and network breaches by means of which one will be able to devise preventive measures and thereby protect the internal assets. In view of the above objectives one has to understand the networks and how they expand widely. Also one has to understand the attacks and breaches. Mostly the internet is one of the sources of the viruses and attacks but quite often the local network is also a major source of threats for campus networks. Generally administrators and organizations safe guard their networks from outside threats but the internal attacks and breaches are very crucial. The IDS/IPS ( ) are installed over the gateway level to scan the outgoing and incoming traffic. Where these kind of mechanism to study the behavior of internal attacks is vague. One is very much interested in knowing the kind of traffic flow, and its identification etc in the network. This kind of approach will help the user community to adopt preventive measures or in other words one has obtain a solution by studying the internal attacks and network breaches and thereby how to minimize and protect the internal assets . Analysis of the netw ork can be used as a tool to scan the network traffic. The behavior of the network may be understood through penetration tools, simulations etc. Alternatively a tool like IPS having capability of network behavior analysis also can be of great help in understanding the problem. SURVEY OF WORK Asmaa Shaker Ashoor and Sharad Gore in their research differentiated the Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention System (IDS/IPS) technology which is used in the computer networks. They compare the stability, performance and accuracy wise result of IDS and IPS. They highlighted that the major difference between the IDS / IPS is among their deployments over the network. IDS technology works on out band system which means it is not lined with the network path but IPS technology works on in-line with the system, means it can pass through in between the devices in real time. Jared Holsopple, Shanchieh Jay Yang, and Moises Sudit discusses about the Present run-through for fighting cyber-attacks which are typically used by the Intrusion Detection Sensors (IDS) to inactively detect and block multi-stage attacks. The algorithm, TANDI, helps in reducing the problem difficulty by separating the simulations of the attacker’s capability and opportunity and thus fuses the two to determine the attackers intent. The results of the research demonstrate that the algorithm TANDI predicts that the future attack action precisely as long as it is not a coordinated attack and which contains no internal threats. In the presence of the malicious attack events, the algorithm TANDI, will give alarm to the network analyst for further analysis. This can be further analysed with the help of simulation. Nilima R. Patil and Nitin N. Patil in their paper discussed about the importance of attack graph to check the possible attacks in the network. Using attack graph, analysis can be done effectively. This helps the administrators to further analyze the attack graphs deeply to know where their system weaknesses lie. Accordingly help them to decide what kind of security measures can be opted for effective deployment. They study different ways to analyse attack graphs and to provide future scope for research on these attack graphs. Rosslin John Robbles, Tai-hoon Kim, Seung Lee in their paper have shown that a second level in addition to access control intrusion confinement can dramatically enhance the security especially integrity and availability of a system in many situation. It showed that intrusion confinement can effectively resolve the conflicting design goals of an intrusion detection system by achieving both a high rate of detection and a low rate of errors. Developing a more concrete isolation protocols will further be studied in the future research. Meera Gandhi and S.K Srivastava in their paper highlighted the importance of Intrusion detection in business sector and in active area of research. They describe IDS as important tool for information security. An IDS is intended to identify and fight with some common attacks over the network systems. In such systems log displays the list of attacks to the administrator for ambiguous action. This system works as an observant device in the event of attacks directed towards an entire network. In the light of the above available information a need has been felt to undertake similar type of work in the University of Jammu as well. This will help in study of attacks received by the network of the campus. The network is setup on optical fiber backbone with around 100 distributed switches across the campus. Which also has WI- FI wireless Connectivity with access points around 200 approx. Such an ICT facility available over the network is plays an important role in helping the students, researches, teacher and staff. The number of users in the UOJ campus network appxo 3000. Thus the analysis of the attacks is taken up in this campus. II EXPERIMENTAL SETUP USING UTM University of Jammu is one of the pioneer higher educational institutes in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Whose vision is to be an internationally competitive academic and research institution? To achieve University of Jammu has lot of focus on the information technology. In 2003 university started its initiatives to be an IT enabled university by setting up a university campus network on optical fiber backbone. Later this network was further converged with Jammu University JU Wi-Fi. This facility is playing a very crucial role in order to help the students, teachers, researchers and administrative staff to use the ICT facilities available over the network. University of Jammu is having huge internet bandwidth connectivity’s to cater the needs of the university fraternity. This internet bandwidth connectivity’s constantly keeps on upgrading from time to time. At present university is having 40 mbps Internet bandwidth 1:1 OPTICAL FIBER lease line from reliance an d 1 Giga optical fiber connectivity from National Knowledge Network. Students, researchers and teaching faculty are able to access the scholarly contents online from any location within the campus. There are around 37 departments comprising of teaching and centers other than administrative blocks which are connected through this optical fiber back bone network. All the three girls and boys hostels are also connected through the optical fiber backbone. There are around 100 distributed switches (Cisco and Dlink) and approx. 200 indoor wireless access points (Linksys and Dlink) and 18 outdoor access points (Dlink) which are installed at the various locations of these departments / blocks of the university. All the equipment’s are connected through optical fiber backbone to the control room campus network of the university with Cisco catalyst switches 4507R, 4506. In order to maintain such vast network and ICT Facilities University has deployed a UTM device in the network. This UTM device helps the university it administrators to maintain the university campus network more efficiently. UTM installed at the university is a product from world’s top IT security company Cyberoam. This UTM is installed almost all the major academic institutes of the country. The UTM device has multiple solutions in a single box. It comprises of load balancing of internet bandwidths, Antivirus and anti-spam scanning at the gate way level, User identity based firewall rules, gateway level IDS and IPS scanning and AAA authentications etc. This UTM device is installed between the ISPS Routers and Cisco catalyst switches so that the whole traffic gets scanned through the UTM device. All the policies are applied on the firewall rules as per the requirement of the University network. Figure: 1 UTM Deployment in Gateway Mode With the increase in the University network and ICT facilities over this network, it is observed that the ratio of attacks also gets increased. These attacks reduce the performance of the University Network and other ICT facilities available. Thus to study the kind of attacks, their significance and a solution how to reduce them is proposed in this paper. UTM device installed in the University network is considered for collecting the IPS attacks data. Since it has the ability to produce the Attack reports, this will help the University IT administrators to see the trend of the attacks how they are generating and affecting the system. The critical IPS attacks will be studied over a time to find the patterns of the attacks and their significance over the network applications and ports to which they are associated. This study will help the university and other institutes which are using the same UTM to fine-tune the rules and other parameters so that network bandwidth and other services performance does not get affected with the attacks and users of the ICT facilities should have performance oriented service. III DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS USING UTM As described in the previous about the network system university campus. The information on the number of IPS attacks has been collected since 1 July -2013 to 2-dec -2013 (22 weeks). The total number of attacks is 1301567. Out of these the type of attacks having frequency more than approx 100 is 1299646 lakh. These 13 lakh IPS attacks have been classified into 5 categories broadly example HTTP/ HTTPS, ICMP, UDP, FTP, TCP based on the signatures. The display of the number of IPS attacks belonging to each category is shown in figure-2: Figure -2 Classifications of Attacks Out of the above 13 lakh of the attacks the top 14 critical attacks from the five major categories have been identified to 162810 by the IPS and them display is shown in figure-3: From the figure-3 it may be noted that the prominent attack having a frequency greater than equal to 4.38% are 6 types (responses 403 forbidden type is 45.62% , 17.38 % web misc handler access 8.57 % is https/ssl renegotion , 7.38% web php , 7.34% web cgi count , 4.38% info ftp bad login) . While rest of the 16 attacks less than 10 % are having very small frequencies. The percentage of attacks each of the 22 weeks is shown in the bar diagrams in figure series: Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week13 Week 14 Week15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19 Week 20 Week 21 Week 22 Out of 22 weeks, the percentage of Attack Responses 403 Forbidden is the most dominant one. Forbidden attack response is the highest attacks with 45.62% overall in the 22 weeks, this incidence is generated when a 403 error response code is returned to a client by a web server, which indicates that an effort is made to take an unauthorized access to a web server or an application running on a web server. The 400 series error messages indicate an error on the part of the browser client making the request to a web server. The 403 response shows a request for a forbidden resource which cannot be gain access to even with authentication identifications. Many events can show a determined effort to exploit vulnerability on the victim’s server. Certain applications do not perform strict checks when confirming the credentials of a client host linking to the services offered on a host server. It can lead to an unauthorized access and probably escalated rights to that of the administrator. Information stored on the machine will be compromised and trust relationships established between the victim server and the other hosts that can be exploited by an attacker. In such Attack Scenarios; attacker can access the authentication mechanism and provide his/her own credentials to gain access. On the other hand the attacker can exploit the weaknesses to gain the administrator access without any exploit code.While the other prominent attacks are:- ICMP trace route: This attack is generated when a Windows trace route (tracert) is detected. A trace route is be used to discover live hosts and network topologies. A Windows trace route command uses an ICMP echo request with a lower than normal Time to Live (TTL) value to identify live hosts and network topologies. Web- MISC handler Attacks: this attack is generated when an attempt is made to exploit a known vulnerability on a web server or a web application resident on a web server. The other attack which has very high severity level is the SNMP attack. From the figure- 4 shown below , it is noted that there is a peak in the number of attacks in the 8th (19-0ct-2013 and 9th week).It may be noted that this peak is due to SNMP attack responded by UDP with application whose activity is pronounced. Figure: 4 shows16 different types of attacks out of 22 attacks per week are shown Figure –5 different types of major attacks per week Figure: 5 Shows 16 different types of attacks out of 22 attacks per week are shown over the entire period. Of these 6 are found to be more conspicuous: ATTACK-RESPONSES 403 Forbidden (ATK-RES403F) 71067, ICMP trace route (29205), WEB-MISC handler access (13959), SNMP request UDP (11954), SNMP public access UDP (11952), HTTPS/SSL Renegotiation DoS (7062) IV FRAME WORK FOR EVALUATION AT THE GATEWEY LEVEL TO STUDY THE ATTACKS USING RAW PACKETS GENERATED BY THE NETWORK To study the attacks more affectively, a frame work was deployed using open source software like Ubuntu, tcpdump with visualizing software like afterglow to capture real time at the core switch. This will help to monitor and analyze the network traffic in real time scenario. Data was evaluated for two hundred thousand packets captured using tcpdump –nnelr data.pcap l wc –l at the root. This will capture the raw traffic for two hundred thousand packets for data analysis and visualization. The data captured by the tcpdump will be converted to a csv file with all fields. Tcpdump-vttttnnelr ju.pcap|./tcpdump2csv.pltimestamp sourcemac destmac sip dip sport dport flags len proto ttl id offset tos ipflags > ju.csv. The Csv file is then exported to Mysql database. load data infile ’ju.csv’ into table analysis fields terminated by ’,’ lines terminated by ’n’ (timestamp, sourcemac, destmac, sourceip, destip, sourceport, destport, proto, tcpflags, length, ttl, ipid, iptos, ipflags, offset); Further, ju.csv file was converted to dot file, which was converted to png file. tcpdump -vttttnnelr Ju.pcap |./tcpdump2csv.pl|./afterglow.pl-c color.properties > Ju.dot Cat Ju.dot | neato -Tpng –o Ju.png Figure 6 shows Whole Traffic captured for network Figure-6 shows that the outgoing traffic is greater than incoming traffic, which states that traffic is compromised. Therefore there is need to identify the port 80 traffic and identify the machines which are compromised. From figure 7 we identify visually that the out traffic on port 80 is very high. Therefore, needs to identify machines which are compromised. Figure 7 shows the out going traffic of port 80 Figure -8 shows ATTACK from IP 192.176.2.25 Figure-8 Shows visualization of machine with IP 192.176.2 25 that is connected over the network which is compromised and sending malicious traffic outside. This helps the administrators to identify the machine irrespective of any signatures within the IPS database. Similarly other machines can be identified. V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE IDS/ IPS are installed in almost every organization but they are designed to work on signatures. To study attacks which exist other than signatures, we need to further do the analysis through the frame work created with high end hardware which is required to capture and analyze the traffic for longer duration. So that fine tuning of the IDS/IPS as per the campus network requirement will be done to further increase the network performance. VI REFERENCES [1] Paxson. Bro: A System for Detecting Network Intruders in Real- Time. In Computer Networks, volume 31 (23– 24), pages 2435–2463, 1999 [2] G. Stein, B. Chen, A.S. Wu, and K.A. Hua, â€Å"Decision Tree Classifier for Network Intrusion Detection with GA- Based Feature Selection,† Proc. 43rd ACM Southeast Regional Conf.—Volume 2, Mar. 2005. [3] Schwartz, Matthew, â€Å"Beyond Firewalls and IPS: Monitoring Network Behavior.† February 2006, available on http://esj.com/articles/2006/02/07/beyond- Firewalls-and-ips-monitoring-networkbehavior.aspx [4] S. J. Yang, J. Holsopple, and M. Sudit, â€Å"Evaluating Threat Assessment for Multi-stage Cyber Attacks,† in Proceedings of IEEE MILCOM: 2nd IEEE Workshop on Situation Management (SIMA), Washington, DC, Oct 23-25, 2006 [5] Z. Yu and J. Tsai, â€Å"An efficient intrusion detection system using a boosting-based learning algorithm†. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, Vol. 27 (4), 2007, 223-231. [6] Meera Gandhi, S.K.Srivatsa â€Å"Detecting and preventing Attacks using network intrusion detection systems† International Journal of Computer Science and Security, Volume (2) : Issue (1) June 2009 [7] Asmaa Shaker Ashoor, Prof. Sharad Gore, â€Å"Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): Case Study†. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 7, July-2011 [8] Rosslin John Robles, Tai-hoon Kim,SeungLee,† A Study on Intrusion Confinement for Internal Network†, Journal of Security Engineering), vol.5issue no1, P73, 2008 [9] Patil, Nilima R.; Patil, Nitin N, † A comparative study of network vulnerability analysis using attack graph† World Journal of Science Technology; 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 3, p91 *University of Jammu, e-mail id :[emailprotected] , **University of Jammu, email id: [emailprotected] 1

Freely Choosing Between the Divided House Essay -- Literary Analysis,

One of the many questions that are raised in the discussion of the freedom of the will is the reason why we as humans do not love and have turned away from the highest good. According to Augustine’s philosophy, the chains or bonds of bad habits are self-forged by our divided will, also referred to as the divided house. In Book XII of â€Å"City of God† Augustine declares it pointless to look for the cause of the evil will. For the cause, he argues, is â€Å"deficient,† not â€Å"efficient.† Before I can discuss the issues of the divided will, I will explain what Augustine means by â€Å"deficient† as opposed to† efficient† cause as the cause of the divided will. Often times, actions are analyzed by rational explanation or causal explanation. Rational explanation attempts to explain an action by the goals a person might have in his mind at the moment. Causal explanation attempts to find the cause for that particular action. Augustine thinks it is pointless to find the cause of the evil will. Perhaps we should take into account Augustine’s view about The First Sin, when the defection of the bad angels first happened. â€Å"In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth†¦ And God saw that it was good† (NRSV, Genesis 1). If the Bible states that God created everything good because He is good, then evil, according to Augustine, is the absence of good and does not have any positive being--- defective and lack some perfection. The verb â€Å"defect† means to abandon allegiance to something. Its reason follows the noun â€Å"defect† which means to lack some perfection. One might suggests that an evil wi ll must cause an evil act or choice. Augustine argues that there is no efficient natural cause of an evil will rather the lack of some goodness--- a matter ... ...e is living in "Truth." True Happiness as Reward for Rightly Ordered Love In agreement with Augustine, I believe that like happiness, virtue can only be given by God. Virtue is rightly ordered love. Jesus’ two commandments: love God above all and love your neighbor as yourself, indicates that we should love the most what is objectively the best. Pride is a perverse kind of self-love and also a feature of the will. Pride was the reason why Satan freely willing to choose himself over God. In redemption, Jesus Christ, a model of humility, was the Second Adam who because of grace sacrifices Himself to bear and forgive humans of sins. I believe that we can choose to will good or to will evil. To freely will the love of the highest good means to willingly love God above all. In having this rightly ordered love, God gives the gift of true happiness in the afterlife .

Graduation Speech: We are Blessed to Live in the USA :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Dear fellow students, faculty, friends, and family, My name is Sam Myers and I'm from Albania. Coming here was a great experience for me. I grew up in a poor country where the chances to get a good education were extremely limited. I went to schools with broken windows, and did homework by candlelight because we had no power. I was raised in a simple family by parents who loved me dearly, cared for me, and taught me life values that I carry with me. I wish they were here today. My parents had no educational background and could barely read or write. I had nothing compared to what young people in America have. But my parents communicated to me the importance of a good education, and today I am graduating from Marefat Community College in the United States of America. What a huge difference! The fall of communism in Albania in 1990 brought Albanians hope for the future. As every young man, I had dreams and one of them was studying abroad. God brought me here in a miraculous way. While providing medical care for the Kosovo refugees during the war of 1999, I met the people who provided the financial support I needed to come to America. It was exciting and scary at the same time. I had lived all my life with my family in the same country, but it was time for big changes and new adventures. I cherish the wonderful feelings of my first days on the Marefat campus. The easy access of many resources on campus including the library, computer labs, and many others made my learning process easy. I have learned that the key to success is working hard and focusing on your goal. Despite the many distractions this country offered me, I reminded myself that I had a goal to reach and I was here for a specific purpose. Marefat Community College opened many new doors for my future. One of my greatest experiences was working at the Office of Student Life as a student programmer. I learned to work in a business environment, coordinating events and communicating with students and staff. Working as a team with students from different cultures and backgrounds opened my eyes to get a better picture of the world. For the first time in my life, I met people who did not look like me. As I got to know them, I was able to break the stereotypes I had built growing up in a country that was closed to the rest of the world for 50 years.

Final Exam Review Notes Essay

1: Strategic Management: set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. It includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation (strategic or long-range planning), strategy implementation and evaluation and control. Emphasize the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in light of a corporations strengths and weaknesses. 2: 4 phases of strategic management: Phase 1- basic financial management- managers initiate serious planning when they are requested to propose the following years budget. Projects are proposed on the basis of very little analysis, with most information coming from within the firm. The sales force usually provides the small amount of environmental information. Phase 2: forecast- based planning- as annual budgets become less useful at stimulating long-term planning, managers attempt to propose five-year plans. At this point they consider projects that they may take more than one year. In addition to internal information managers gather any available environmental data- usually on an ad hoc basis and extrapolate current trends five years into the future. This phase is also time consuming, often involving a full month of managerial activity to make sure all the proposed budgets fit together. Phase 3: externally oriented planning- frustrated with highly political yet ineffectual five-year plans, top management takes contr9ol of the planning process by initiating strategic planning. The company seeks to increase its responsiveness to changing markets and competition by thinking strategically. Planning is taken out of the hands of lower-level managers and concentrated in a planning staff whose task is to develop strategic plans for the corporation. Phase 4: strategic management- realizing that even the best plans are worthless without input and commitment of lower-level managers, top management forms planning groups of managers and key employees at many levels, from various departments and work groups. They develop and integrate a series of strategic plans aimed at achieving the company’s primary objectives. 3: 4 basic elements of strategic management- 1: environmental scanning: the monitoring, evaluating and disseminating of information from the external and internal environments to key people within the corporation. Its purpose is to identify strategic factors- those external and internal elements that will determine the future of the corporation. 2: strategy formulation- is the development of long-range plans for the effective management of th4e environment opportunities and threats in light of corporate strengths and weaknesses (SWOT). It includes defining the corporate mission, specifying achievable objectives, developing strategies and setting policy guidelines. 3: strategy implementation- is a process by which strategies and policies are put into action through the development of programs, budgets and procedures. This process might involve changes within the overall culture, structure and/or the entire organization. 4: evaluation and control- is a process in which corporate activities and performance results are monitored so that actual performance can be compared with desired performance managers at all levels use the resulting information to take corrective action and resolve problems. 4: Define strategy: a corporation forms a comprehensive master plan that states how the corporation will achieve its mission and objectives. 5: 5 forces that shape competitions as described by Porter- Threat of new entrants: industry typically bring to it new capacity a desire to gain market share, and substantial resources. Rivalry among existing firms – corporations are mutually dependent. A competitive move by one firm can be expected to have a noticeable effect on on it competitors and thus may cause retaliation. Threat of substitution products or service- a product that appears to be different but can satisfy the same need as another product Bargaining power of buyers – affect an industry through their ability to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services and play competitors against each other Bargaining power of suppliers- can affect an industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased good and services. 6: competitive advantage- a firm uses it resources, capabilities and competencies to develop a competitive advantage 7: 3 directional strategies- Growth strategies- designed to achieve growth in sales, assets, profits ot some combination. Most widely pursued. Continuing growth means increasing sales and a chance to take advantage of the experience curve to reduce the per-unit cost of products sold, thereby increasing profits. Stability strategies- corporation may choose stability over growth by continuing its current activities without any significant change in direction Retrenchment strategies – a company may pursue retrenchment strategies when it a weal competitive position in some or all its product lines resulting in poor performance- sales are down and profits are becoming losses. 8: 5 stages of international development: Stage 1: (domestic company) the primary domestic company exports some of its products through local dealers and distributors in the foreign countries. The impact on the organization’s structure is minimal because an export department at corporate headquarters handles everything Stage 2: (domestic company with export division) success in stage 1 leads the company to establish it’s own sales company with offices in other countries to eliminate the middle man and to better control marketing. Because exports have now become more important the company establishes an export division to oversee foreign sales office. Stage 3-(Primarily domestic company with international division) success in earlier stages its own sales company to establish manufacturing facilities in addition to sales and service offices in key countries. The company now adds an international division with responsibilities for most of the business functions conducted in other countries Stage 4: (multinational corporation with multidomestic emphasis)- now a full-fledged MNC, the company increases its investment in other countries. The company establishes a local operating division or company in the host country such as Ford of Britain, to better serve the market. The product line is expanded and local manufacturing capacity is established. Managerial functions (product development, finance, marketing and so on) are organizes locally. Stage 5: (MNC with global emphasis) – the most successful MNC move into a fifth stage in which they have worldwide human resources, R&D and financing strategies. Typically operating in a global industry, the MNC denationalizes its operations and plans product design, manufacturing and marketing around worldwide consideration.

High School and School Teachers Essay

Abstract The report underscores the importance of the â€Å"skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness,† [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers aren’t familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. â€Å"Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep,† asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. â€Å"Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness,† suggests Weeks. â€Å"And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. † Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. â€Å"We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do,† [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires â€Å"conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources,† she remarks. Publication Title The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013 Study Explores Why many High School Graduates Are not Ready for College by Gary M Stern Content Type Journal Article Abstract The report underscores the importance of the â€Å"skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness,† [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers aren’t familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. â€Å"Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep,† asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. â€Å"Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness,† suggests Weeks. â€Å"And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. † Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. â€Å"We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do,† [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires â€Å"conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources,† she remarks. Publication Title. The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013 Study Explores Why many High School Graduates Are not Ready for College by Gary M Stern Content Type Journal Article Abstract The report underscores the importance of the â€Å"skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness,† [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers aren’t familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. â€Å"Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep,† asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. â€Å"Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness,† suggests Weeks. â€Å"And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. † Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. â€Å"We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do,† [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires â€Å"conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources,† she remarks. Publication Title The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013.

It's organizational leadership , How to convince and get people's Essay

It's organizational leadership , How to convince and get people's trusts so that they will follow me and my instruction - Essay Example Debatably, proficiency with a prominent vision is one of the most crucial aspects in getting people’s attention. People will give credit to an individual if impressed by the person’s capability to overcome unexpected circumstances. Heathfield (2013) asserts that in order to follow a leader, individuals must be confident with the course which the leader pursues. This ability will assist in consolidating people together into a group with similar objectives, which will result to company success. Needless to say, the subordinates will follow the leader’s instructions entirely. For instance, Steve Job’s leadership qualities allow cultivation of innovation capabilities among his employers, which ensures production of new company products such as computers and cell phones, company progress and customer satisfaction. Additionally, personality is extremely imperative to a leader. This is all about human’s common sense that determines which is right and wrong. Therefore, people can judge whether a person is outstanding or not. In this regard, individuals with a good personality can gather numerous people as their followers. Arguably, the society will love their personalities, follow them and obey their instructions. In essence, â€Å"the leader needs to have an attractive character combined with a pleasing behavior that leaves a lasting impression† (Cheng, 2010). For instance, Mother Teresa is one of the prominent examples of a great leader who expressed outstanding personality of helping impoverished children, people, and society. Until today, everyone still remembers her as a one of the great people in history. She is a leader who made people follow her attitude by doing great things. It’s difficult to attract people to follow what one does. However, if an individual has a prominent vision and expertise, it marks the first step to having followers.