Acid and Base Report Qualitative Data

Acids and Bases Labs Report Aim: To study the characteristics of acids and bases. Experiment 1 Magnesium Ribbon with Sulphuric Acid Observations | |Material/substance |Rate of reaction |Bubbles |Initial colour |Final colour |Other Observations | |H2SO4 |N/A |N/A |Colourless |N/A |Acid | |Mg |N/A |N/A |Silver Metallic |N/A |Metal | |Mg SO4 |High rate |Yes- High rate |Colourless |Colourless |Heat is produced. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Acidic smell | |Hydrogen gas was produced. | | |Test: Burning Splint | |Result: Popping sound | |Overall Chemical Reaction | |Word Equation: Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid ( Magnesium Sulphate + Hydrogen | |Chemical Equation: Mg + H2SO4 ( Mg SO4 + H2 | 2. Calcium Carbonate with Hydrochloric Acid Observations | |Material/substance |Rate of reaction |Bubbles |Initial colour |Final colour |Other Observations | |HCL |N/A |N/A |Clear |N/A |Acid | |Lime Water |N/A |N/A |Clear |N/A |N/A | |Ca CO3 |N/A |N/A |White |N/A |Salt | |Ca CO3 + HCL |High rate/ Fast | Y es.High rate/ |Milky, Cloudy |White, Cloudy, |Heat is produced. | | | |Fast | |precipitate formed | | |Observation of Final solution: Final solution was cloudy with precipitation. | |Overall Chemical Equations | |Word: Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid ( Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water | |Chemical Equation: Ca2CO3 + 2HCL ( 2CaCl + CO2 + H2O | 3. Almost equal amounts of sodium hydroxide and nitric acid (same concentration) Observations | |Material/substance |Rate of reaction |Bubbles |Initial colour |Final colour |Other Observations | |HNO3 |N/A |N/A | |N/A |N/A | |NaOH |N/A |N/A | |N/A |N/A | |HNO3 + Indicator |N/A |N/A |Strong Pink/ |rose pink/ clear |Test with PH paper; | | | | | |PH 1, maroon | |NaOH + Indicator |N/A |N/A | | |Test with PH paper; | | | | | | |PH 14, Dark purple | |HNO3 + NaOH |High rate/ Fast | N/A | | |Heat is produced. | |Observation of Final solution: Final solution was cloudy with precipitation. | |Overall Chemical Equations | |Word: Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid ( Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water | |Chemical Equation: Ca2CO3 + 2HCL ( 2CaCl + CO2 + H2O | 4. Copper (II) Oxide with hydrochloric acid Observations | |Material/substance |Rate of reaction |Bubbles |Initial colour |Final colour |Other Observations | |CuO |N/A |N/A |Black |N/A |Black powder | |HCL |N/A |N/A |colourless |N/A |Acid | |CuO + HCL |Fast |N/A |Black cloud, opaque|Turns aqua green, |Heat is produced. | | | | |clear, translucent | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Black CuO settles at| | | | | | |the bottom of | | | | | | |apparatus. | | |Overall Chemical Reaction | |Word Equation: Copper (II) Oxide + Hydrochloric Acid | |Chemical Equation: CuO + 2HCL ( CuCl2 + H2O | 5. Ammonium chloride solution with sodium hydroxide Observations | |Material/substance |Rate of reaction |Bubbles |Initial colour |Final colour |Other Observations | |NH4Cl |N/A |N/A |Colourless |N/A |Powder | |NaOH |N/A |N/A |Silver Metallic |N/A |Metal | |NH4Cl + NaOH | | | | |Test with PH paper, | | | | | | |purple ( greater than| | | | | | |7, alkaline | | | | | | |(basic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Acidic smell, pungent| |Overall Chemical Reaction | |Word Equation: Ammonium Chloride ( Ammonium Hydroxide + Sodium Chloride | |Chemical Equation: NH4Cl + NaOH ( NH4OH + NaCL |

BP’s Competitive Advantage

Though the product they are probably most famous for in the minds of consumers, gasoline, is thought of as homogeneous, the success of BP in the companies ability to grow and maintain its standing as a multinational energy superpower lies in its management of human capital. BP’s true competitive advantage is not in the commodities or services it sells, their success stems from the companies ability to manage a less easily duplicated resource: knowledge. Collaboration and knowledge management form the core of the BP value system. As expressed by BP in their own words, they aim â€Å"to engage the creative talents of our employees, and develop and apply leading, cost-effective technology and intellectual creativity to enhance innovation and new ideas† (BP, n. d. ). This paper will address this unique aspect of the BP business model, knowledge management, and how it translates into financial performance. Background BP is a global energy leader, the core components of their business are: oil and gas exploration and production, refining and marketing of petroleum supply products, manufacturing and marketing of chemicals, and the manufacture of Photovoltaic (solar) cells. They are currently in the top three internationally in gas reserves, and are the largest retailer of gas in the US, as well as one of the world’s largest marketers of aviation fuel (Corporate Watch, n. d. ). Founded by William Knox D’Arcy from a significant oil find in Iran, they have expanded through growth and merger, currently operating in over 100 countries, employing 97,600 people with 2007 revenues exceeding $284 billion (BP, n. d. ). Knowledge Management The challenge to an organization the size and scope of BP can often be capturing the wealth of knowledge created by their people, engaged in business, learning best practices, and sharing and storing that information between business units to maximize BP’s potential. BP’s methodology is â€Å"encompassed by a simple framework, which describes a learning cycle – before, during and after any event – which is supported by simple process tools† (Kotelnikov, n. d. ,  ¶ 1). The BP learning method is to treat every process as a closed learning loop; lessons learned from each experience are agreed upon and posted on the company intranet to capture knowledge and experience to be shared by all BP business units. Companies create vast amounts of valuable knowledge through practice of their employees, without a system in place to capture this knowledge; it will often leave with their employees. Further, in a large company like BP, the potential exists for it to operate not as a collaborative unit, but as â€Å"a collection of individual fiefdoms in the form of individual business units† (Quelch & Deshpande, 2004, p. 96). To foster this sense of collaborative behavior, BP created peer review and cross business unit interaction strategies (Quelch & Deshpande). An example of how this has positively impacted the companies profitability, recently due to knowledge sharing between business units of engineers, they achieved a cost savings of $74 million in 1998 to meet their collective goal of reducing retail site construction by 10% (SAIC, n. . ). As management of information systems flourished in the decade of the 1990’s, the success of BP’s competitive advantage in their commitment to managing knowledge will invariably lead to other organizations creating practices and infrastructure to support knowledge management in the future. Knowledge management creates competitive advantage by storing and sharing collective â€Å"on the job† learned experiences and distributing them to present and future generations of an organization that would otherwise be lost. BP has maintained their ability to grow and improve profitability through implementation of knowledge management strategy.

Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Brand - Essay Example They purchase a large number of imported goods on a daily basis. It may even be observed that the more imported a product appears, the more willing Chinese consumers are to purchase it. This great preference for global brands is the main reason for the thriving of numerous foreign firms in China, and is also one of the main reasons why China at this time does not have any global brands. Between 1980 and 1990, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China increased at roughly 10% annually. China became one of the world’s biggest economies in terms of GDP by 1998 (Nolan, 2001, pp. 186-187). After two decades of industrial program in China, adopting several strategies utilized by Japan, and with the same clear policy objective, important developments have occurred in the nation’s major, state-owned industries. The major industries have developed quickly in terms of profitability. They have adopted new technologies, become skilled at competing in the marketplace, largely improved the technical skills of their workers, gained considerable knowledge of global financial markets, developed new managerial expertise, and became desired associates for multinational firms (Gu & Frank, 2006). However, in spite of major improvements, none of the major Chinese ventures has developed into a globally competitive firm, with a global acquisition structure, a global market, and, most importantly, a global brand. According to Nolan (2001), China has only five corporations in the Fortune 500. The Chinese economy has developed rapidly in the recent decades because of developments in economic, cultural, and political arenas, allowing Chinese industries to expand and support the nation’s demands for goods and/or services. It also paved the way for global trade and foreign investments. Ultimately, China, with its cheap labor, has become a popular Original Equipment Manufacturer

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Annotated Bibliography Example This article confirms the report from Martin and Lehren, where low-income students were able to pay off their debts. The article is credible, because authors had knowledge and skills in conducting this kind of study. This article helps my research, because it informs readers of the financial effects of student loans after college. College loans may be too high to be adequately paid, which discourage some students from graduating in college. Baum, Sandy. â€Å"Hard Heads and Soft Hearts: Balancing Equity and Efficiency in Institutional Student Aid Policy.† New Directions for Higher Education 140 (2007): 75-85. Advanced Placement Source. Web. 3 July 2012. Baum explores the hardships for school administrators in balancing equity and efficiency decisions. The main argument of the article in relation to college debt is that society increasingly favors people with merit or skills, instead of helping those who are in need. She argues for the importance of providing discounts to low-income students, so that they can have the chance to enter college. The author is reliable, because she has skills and knowledge in economics. The journal is also credible, since it focuses on diverse higher education issues and employs empirical approach to data collection and analysis. This article is important to my research, because it shows that low-income students struggle to get college loans that they critically need to finish college. Because of their intense desire to finish college, they may lack awareness and knowledge that college costs may be too high to help them in quickly alleviating their financial problems right after college. Cooper argues against the commoditization of college education, because the learning experience is individuated, and the language of business cannot be applied to the learning process and systems of colleges. Moreover, he believes that commoditizing education neglects the

An Analysis of European Law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Analysis of European Law - Dissertation Example The same has been compared to sovereign law of the nation. Situations and stances of certain European nations have been provided as examples while defending sovereignty of its parliament in legal cases. The concept of democracy had been interpreted and its self contradictory virtue of protecting the basic premises and provisions of democracy through legislative bodies has been illustrated as well. What you did? While attempting this research project involving the Ultimate supremacy between EU Law and Sovereignty of Parliament, the basic premises, applicability and scope of the EU law was understood. The background and supporting information surrounding the founding of the EU and its laws (the EU Law) was taken into account while preparing the report that contrasts its efficacy against parliament sovereignty. The key highlights of EU law, (treaties and legislations) were compiled and presented followed by juxtaposition with the Parliament law. How did you find your resource? Resources including journals and e-books were found on the basis of beginners’ as well as intermediate level of EU Law. Hand books and manuals were gathered that have a detailed discussion on EU Law and a comparative study with Parliament sovereignty. Details of the resources are given in the bibliography section. What did you encounter was hard? Interpretation of legal language and its jargon required considerable effort. Its wording complex as it is has to be put in simple, easy to understand language. Finding specific cases of conflict and confrontation of EU Law with Parliamentary sovereignty involved thorough research. A brief Introduction - The European Union and EU Law The European Union (EU) law formerly called as European Community Law is a pan European common authoritative body’s group of rules and regulations to be observed and adhered to by groups and individuals within the premises of the Europe. It is applicable to EU member states. The European Union Law was conc eived, formulated and effected by the European Union itself as a positive and significant forward step towards making the judiciary system more uniform and efficient across Europe. It was constituted and adopted long back in the year†¦. in order to bring the politically, demographically and culturally diverse Europe under a common law which would work to the benefit of the citizens and organisations of Europe over and above national laws. These laws have a direct or indirect effect on the European Union member states. The European Law has an effect, direct or indirect on the national laws of its member states. The European Union Law has three types of laws: 1. Primary, 2. Secondary and 3. Supplementary law. These three categories constitute and compose the European law. As discussed before the EU is a central authority composed of representatives of its member states. The European Union is composed of: 1. European Parliament, and 2. The Council of European Union Cases where the Ultimate supremacy of EU Law is tested against sovereign parliament: There are several cases where

Hotel Resorts in Orange County California Research Paper

Hotel Resorts in Orange County California - Research Paper Example This research aims to evaluate and present Orange County California and their offerings to the visitors. As also stated in the introductory section of this research paper, Orange County is composed of some of the most attractive tourists’ destinations within the world. Among the various reasons that attract huge number of tourists to the county, the advantage of location is one. The county is bordered on the north by Los Angeles and San Diego has surrounded the county along the south. Towards the east of Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County are situated along with the Santa Ana Mountains. Most importantly, the boundaries of the county towards the west are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. Due to the features of the location in which the county is situated, the tourists who visited this tourist spot can share the experience of warm climate throughout the year. As the Pacific Ocean is very near to Orange County, the tourists and local people enjoy the beauty of various enchanting and charming beaches. There are a number of cities present within Orange County, both large as well as small. Anaheim in Orange County is known as the ‘home’ of Disneyland and is second in the list of the most populous cities in California. The home of Knott’s Berry Farm in the county is Buena Park and this city paves the gateway of the county to Los Angeles. Apart from these two important and popular cities of Orange County, there are also several cities that add up to the beauty of the county. Fullerton, Surf city, Irvine, Laguna Niguel, Newport Beach, Santa Ana and Seal Beach are the most popular cities of the county. (County of Orange, 2011). The hotels and resorts section of Orange County offers several attractive destinations to the tourists. In the South Orange County, Aliso Creek Inn & Golf Course offers an ideal tourist location for families and tourists are made to feel every comfort of home in this hotel. Americas Best Value

Describe and discuss what, in your opinion, are the main difficulties Essay

Describe and discuss what, in your opinion, are the main difficulties facing Records Managers attempting to manage the electronic records of an organisation - Essay Example Unless these challenges are addressed, valuable government information may be lost forever (Bearman 1990; Cox 2000; Dearstyne 2002; Veatch 2002; and Kurtz 2004). Electronic records management or ERM that is mainly managing and preserving access to digital records is not and never will be easy; but it is not an impossible task. ERM provides a digital environment for capturing electronic documents and applying standard records management practices. Supporting the medium to long term information management needs of the business, it manages a corporate filing structure, document classification within the filing structure and formal retention and disposition scheduling. This is based on an approved disposition and review schedule of the organization (eGovernment 2001). The following three events noted by Kurtz (2004) speak of the value of maintaining sensible ERM practice today. They point to neglect of preserving information and ignoring the impact of technology. First, in March 2002, the FBI's handling of the investigative records of the Timothy McVeigh case was attributed to outmoded computer systems and systemic information management problems that created a last-minute delay in the execution of McVeigh. According to the report, thousands of pages of FBI investigation reports were not turned over to McVeigh's lawyers before the trial due in part to antiquated computer systems that could not locate and retrieve the needed information. Timothy James McVeigh was an American convicted of eleven federal offenses and ultimately executed as a result of his role in the April 19, 1995, Oklahoma City bombing. He is commonly referred to as the Oklahoma City bomber. The bombing, which claimed 168 lives, was the deadliest act of terrorism in U.S. history until the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York, and remains the deadliest incident of domestic terrorism in U.S. history (Cole 1996). Second, on September 11, 2001, the tragic events at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon highlighted the importance of having continuity of operations plans in the event of a disaster. In both places, business operations were affected because critical information was destroyed. Without such plans, agency information assets and future business operations and services are at risk (Kurtz 2004). Third, numerous allegations have been made concerning the Departments of Interior and Treasury destroying Indian trust account records related to a class action lawsuit filed against the Government. The plaintiffs allege that the Government has mismanaged and lost information on individual Indian trust accounts that will deprive the plaintiffs of billions of dollars in royalties (Kurtz 2004). This paper looks into the main difficulties facing records managers attempting to manage the electronic records of an organisation. They include old ways of operation, patchy compliance to laws, absence of corporate control, the dysfunctional ways archivists look at records, resistance of archivists to changes, governments and universities ignoring ERM, leadership void, lack of guiding principles, diminished role of archivists and records managers in information policy, and lack of competency of archivists and records mangers. In this paper, the terms "archivists" and "records managers" are used interchangeably. DIFFICULTIES Old ways of Operation. Prior to

Memphis Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memphis Design - Assignment Example Memphis emerged in the winter of 1980 as a consequence of a joint approach by Scottsass, Mendini, Alchymia and Branzi. The development of the Memphis design began between 1977 and 1978. The lamps and the Memphis furniture were the first designs to be established though they were considered inconsistent. Memphis had to improve on the original products, and certain innovative measures had to be established. The innovation of graphics was one of the improvements that were affected by Memphis. Technical drawings, lamp manufacturer development of ceramics, manufacture of fabrics and invention of new plastic covers (Radice 35-37). Memphis reflected on the period it emerged based on the individual designs, materials and the need to develop new approaches. Most of the products and materials at the time did not have a reflection of the period and a change was required to enhance the development of new designs. Memphis has a number of products that are unique and exhibit a number of unique features. The furniture is one of the most favorite products that Memphis produces. The furniture is a favorite because they are manufactured using unique designs that make them stand out from the rest of the materials (Radice 141-145). Consequently, the colors used in chairs give a unique impression to the products. Another favorite product is the lamp that is manufactured in different designs. Unique materials such as metal bars manufacture the design of the lamps. There are different colors used for the lamps that provide a classic illumination to the surrounding space. The bookcase is also a favorite product because it is designed and painted with unique colors that illuminate the different sections effectively providing a classic and a unique outlook to the product. Memphis was successful to a greater extent in its initiatives and products. Memphis through its designs and materials developed a new approach that would

Management Challenges for Social Enterprises Term Paper

Management Challenges for Social Enterprises - Term Paper Example From the point of view of asset management, a social enterprise can increase the overall diversification of the portfolio while, at the same time, add more ethical trading and investing philosophy into the overall portfolio management also. It is believed that portfolio managers may have only to invest in the commercial entities to generate more value for their clients. Overall risk diversification and return strategies are, therefore, often tailored according to the dynamics of how a for-profit business operates and generates more value for the portfolio managers. Non-Profit wealth creation through social enterprise is viable and sustainable activity and can increase the overall well-being of the society while, at the same time, allowing asset managers to actually diversify their risks and also add more ethical investing and portfolio management orientation to the whole process of asset management (Field, 2014). This paper will be focusing on understanding the impact of non-profit w ealth creation on the overall portfolio risk and return. This paper will further add on to whether the non-profit wealth creation will add more ethical orientation to the portfolio management or not. Before discussing further, it is critical to developing the comprehensive understanding of what a social enterprise is and how it operates and creates value for all stakeholders. The overall concept and idea of a social enterprise existed for long. However, it has recently gained more momentum with large organizations such as Dannon entering into joint ventures to form social enterprises. A social enterprise’s focus is on the use of commercial strategies and tactics to achieve more value and improvement in the human and environmental well-being.

Analysis of filmmaking of French critic Andr Bazin Essay

Analysis of filmmaking of French critic Andr Bazin - Essay Example Your film motivated me to criticize over some of main points of your Film which inspired me. I have a very strong feeling on the montage and realism, in my opinion montage is necessary in many cases to make a film influential. I made preeminence between â€Å"those directors who put their confidence in the image and those who put their assurance in reality†. Like as your directorial style reality and everything that can support film such as sound, center of attraction for audience and editing, set what film should be. I admit that, it is mixture that gives nativity to film as an art. I felt that handling of the image by suggestive editing or the dramatic sets stands in such the way of releasing film’s true probability for realism. In my point of view introduction of sound is an essential element to enhance the reality of film as an art form. The introduction of sound reveals an expression of reality that was missing before. The film should blossoms in a delighting and t he environment must be artificial where even the movement of the actor’s sound reflection strained angular shapes of their setting. I would like to say that by using deep focus, you able to cover the whole scenario in one take, the camera remaining inactive; thanks to the depth of field. Dramatic effects were created out of the apparent motion of the actors among a fixed framework which were so fined. You used all the pioneers for a very good reason. Soft focus only seemed with montage. I also admit that it’s hard to make a film free from montage at all. In my sense no matter how film shot, is and always will be a piece of art; because film expresses the thoughts and the feelings of its maker, it can be relatable or less relatable. It can force its message forward in a plain, metaphoric or insidious way the message is still there invariably. The act of making film is already meddling with reality by capturing it a contrived form. I am not against of creativity; I belie ve that realism of cinema gives greater power of creativity. My realism is ultimately personal. You gratify in a great deal of symbolic and emblematic to tell us about your story. The way you used the realistic device of mystifying focus of symbolic effects such like placing a character further into a room to make him seem littler and more unimportant. It is not exaggeration to say that Citizen Kane is incredible shot in any other way but in depth. The uncertainty in which we find ourselves is the version we should put on the film is to it built into the very design of the image. In Citizen Kane I saw a â€Å"Revolution in the Language if the Screen†-one that drifted away the conversations of standard Hollywood storytelling at that time via different techniques, although Citizen Kane didn’t pioneer these techniques but you invested them with new meaning and power. You also used the â€Å"Unity of Image in Space and Time† for maintaining a single shot where as an other film might have required four or five shots. The camera has power to preserve and record real events in time and space by photographic procedure that’s independent of human version. I even found that stimulating challenge to Hollywood artifice in some of the film’s more artificial techniques to avoid the unusual camera angels who revels the ceiling of sets and etc but in Citizen Kane you overcome this problem by extending fabric over sets, creating â€Å"ceiling† that were translucent and sound permeable. In my view Camera is

Personal problems Essay Example for Free

Personal problems Essay 1. There are many things that contribute to the pessimism of poor people. Some of the most prominent reasons why poor people believe that it is impossible to them to get out of poverty are high competition in labor markets, increased population (increased competition), lack of sufficient jobs, lack of proper education and the perception that the government is not doing anything to help them. With these factors, behaviors of frustration, oppression and depression will most likely exist. If such behaviors cannot be contained, then the cultivation of criminal mindset will be inevitable. 2.The most vulnerable groups of people who will live in poverty are those who did not complete formal education, those who are indirectly discriminated (due to race, age and social status) and those who have lost their faith with the government system of service. Possibly, these groups will not be able to access proper healthcare as well. They may not be able to afford even the basic health services, will not be covered by a health insurance and will be discriminated by corporate-established medical institutions. 3. Most people who live in poverty are aggressive when faced with personal problems. The poor commit crimes and they are high among their established segments in the society (Raffaele, 1968). However, in general, culture of poverty may be described as helplessness, marginality, dependency and the perception of not belonging to the system. Culture clashes may happen between the poor and the health care delivery system when it comes to understanding the needs of the poor, non-adherence of the poor to the instructions of health personnel, intimidation on the part of the poor and possibly moral and ethical abuse committed by health personnel. 4. To make the healthcare system more responsive to the poor, institutions should at least reach out to poor people even as a form of charity. They should initiate to help the poor because majority of them is socially powerless. Moreover, health institutions should at least adhere to the laws and instructions mandated by the governed in terms of providing services to the poor. References Raffaele, J. A. (1968, May 9). Culture of poverty. Retrieved from http://www. nybooks. com/articles/archives/1968/may/09/culture-of-poverty-2/

Texting and Writing Essay Example for Free

Texting and Writing Essay Throughout these years, many have argued that texting affects writing in different ways. The argument of texting and writing is either a positive or negative influence on the writer. Although some think texting has a negative influence, it is a sufficient way for writers to express ideas frequently, language skills, and increase the amount of time spent writing. Considering the amount of people that use text messaging, it is easy to agree that writing will lack intelligence. Many say texting has a negative influence on writing. They say it does not stress the importance of punctuation in writing. Admittedly, texting expresses lack of emotion. Opposing views claim that it reinforces simplistic writing. However these problems only apply when the writer leans only to texting. According to research done by Michaela Cullington in â€Å"Does Texting affect writing? † texting does not affect writing. She surveyed seven different students and two high school teachers about their opinions on writing. From her research she concluded that people recognize the differences between texting friends and writing formally and know what is appropriate in each situation. Although some teachers disagree with this, Cullington can confidently state that texting has no effect on students writing in general. (Cullington, 87-95) Over the years, texting has become extremely popular. It is used every day, all day. With this method ideas are expressed through writing daily. The ability to text a friend teaches the expression of emotion in writing. Normally the only formal writing being done is when it is assigned. Texting makes it available to practice writing daily. Texting has little effect on language skills. Many argue that with text speak it will affect formal writing. Abbreviating has been in use for decades, and thus is not a new language. Before people can text, they must first know how to spell. Texting can therefore not be a cause of bad spelling. Since texting provides people with the opportunity of engaging with the language through reading and writing, it improves people’s literacy. There may always be a divide in opinion, but the evidence is there. As long as it is made clear that text language is not to be used in formal contexts, and is simply an addition to our language, there will not be a problem. Perhaps texting has become an easy target to blame for the decline in literacy. If we look closely, texting and computer-mediated-communication provide additional practice in reading and writing and help children to learn the relationship between spelling and sounds. Although texting has taken off, it will never take over. As far as I can see our language is safe.

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites Most multicellular organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have an evolutionary history of infestation by extracellular parasitic worms known as helminths. The immune systems of these species have adapted to the stress of helminth infection, or helmnithiasis, through the development of mechanisms to modulate worm load in chronically infested individuals. Most marsupials and mammals, including humans, use a particular immune response mediated by IgE antibodies molecules that identify and neutralize foreign objects to defend against helminths (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). In parts of the world where helminthiasis is still prevalent, there is a selective advantage for genes that increase production of IgE antibodies. However, the adaptation to the stress of chronic worm infestation accounts for the maladaptive response to innocuous substance allergy upon removal of the stress. The presence of parasites triggers the production of molecules known as interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines that damped the inflammation response. However, in the absence of parasites, IgE antibodies target harmless proteins and the lack of IL-10 production results in a potentially dangerous inflammatory response. In addition to the removal of the early evolutionary stress of helminths, many technology and infrastructure changes in developed countries have increased human exposure to allergens, thus increasing hypersensitivity to seemingly innocuous substances.   Many species, including humans, evolved under the stress of helminth infestation. As early hominids expanded their ecological niche and encountered new foods, they became hosts for an increased number of helminth species, which would have, in turn, evolved with the hominids. Today, humans act as hosts for more than 25 species of helminths (Warren et al 1990). The shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture increased sedentism and disease, including parasitic infection. Such disease was spread through contact with animals, other humans, and their wastes. The development of agricultural methods such as irrigation and the use fertilizer would have increased the exposure of early humans to soil-transmitted helminths (Cockburn 1971). For contemporary humans, parasitic and infectious diseases are controlled in some areas of the world, while chronic, noninfectious, degenerative diseases are on the rise. Although new technology has allowed some human populations to benefit from the control of infectious disease, many individuals throughout the world are still affected by infection and parasites. Globally, more than two billion people are chronically infected with soil-transmitted helminths such as schistosomes and hookworms (Florh et al. 2008). These numbers indicate there is still selection for protective mechanisms against helminthiasis in a large proportion of the contemporary human population. Given the prolonged mammalian history with parasites, the immune system has evolved protective mechanisms to safeguard the heath of a host in the event of a parasitic infection. When a helminth enters a host, antigens from the parasite diffuse across the hosts internal membranes. Two types of white blood cells, B cells and T cells, recognize antigens in the blood stream. B cells are released into the blood and carried to capillary beds serving the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system a system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of blood and the surrounding tissues while participating in the bodys defense against invading disease organisms (Russel et al. 2008). T cells are released into the blood and carried to the thymus, an organ of the lymphatic system. The adaptive immune responses are regulated by two mechanisms: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. During antibody-mediated immunity, derivatives of B cells known as plasma cells secrete antibodies that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic fluid, recognizing, binding, and removing antigens. Each plasma cell is specific for at least one particular antigen, but some are capable of recognizing any antigen, even if it has never before been encountered. Plasma cells are capable of secreting are five major classes of antibodies. These antibodies are, in order of decreasing concentration, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE (Barnes et al. 1999). Each type of antibody has a specific function in the immune system and IgE is most relevant in combating infection by parasitic worms and mediating many allergic responses such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (Russell et al 2008). Cell-mediated immunity serves as the primary mechanism for killing parasite larvae. During cell-media ted immunity, a subset of T cells becomes activated and, with other cells of the immune system, attacks and kills foreign cells directly. These two mechanisms interact to defend the host against extracellular parasites. Parasitic antigens are first detected by plasma cells in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, triggering the production of two types of IgE antibodies: those that are specific for a particular parasite and those that are nonspecific (Grant et al 2008). These antibodies bind to mast cells. Mast cells are a particular type of cell found within many body tissues that contain granules of molecules such as histamine. The mast cells are activated to degranulate when the antigen binds to the attached IgE antibody, causing the internal histamine to be released. The release of histamine causes various physiological changes associated with inflammation (Flohr et al. 2008). The cascade of reactions functions to damage and expel the parasite (Barnes et al. 1999). Inflammation is complex biological process that occurs in vascular tissues as a response to pathogens (such as helminths), damaged cells, or irritants. In an inflammatory response, an individual may experience bronchial constriction, vascular dilation, and an increase in mucous secretions, which lead to the associated symptoms of wheezing, coughing, itching, sneezing, and vomiting. During anaphylaxis, a severe form of inflammation, there is an intense generation of mast cells and release of their mediators. Such a response has effects on various organs and may be fatal. Examples of anaphylaxis-inducing antigens include antibiotics, foods, and foreign proteins, such as venom. Thus the inflammatory response to the presence of a particular antigen may in an of itself harmful to the organism (Florh et al. 2008) Once an immune reaction has run its course and the invading parasites have been eliminated, long-lived T helper cells, derived from the encounter with the antigen remain in an inactive state in the lymphatic system and provide an immunological memory of the foreign antigen (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). When a foreign antigen enters the body for a subsequent time, a secondary immune response is triggered. The helper T cells recognize the antigen and secrete small proteins known as cytokines that regulate or assist in an immune response. Helper T cells can be divided into TH1 and TH2 subsets that fulfill separate functions in regulating response to infection. TH1 cells produce the response to intracellular infections while TH2 cells produce responses to extracellular infections and allergens. During helminth infections, the number of TH2 cells is greater than the number of TH1 cells. When TH2 cells detect previously recognized parasitic antigens, they secrete a particular cytokine, or known interleukin-4 (IL-4) (Barnes et al 1999). IL-4 promotes parasite-specific IgE antibody, helper T cell, and mast cell production. The adaptation of the IgE antibody immune response is beneficial during helminth infection. High levels of IgE minimize the number of parasites that infest a host during chronic exposure (Dunne et al. 1992). Individuals infected with helminths may have IgE antibody levels that are up to 100 times greater than the normal level, which typically decrease after anti-helminth treatment (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). Additionally, the type of IgE antibody produced may change throughout a humans life to better target a particular parasite. Studies have shown that humans acquire a natural immunity to schistosome infection in adolescence (Grant et al 2008). This natural immunity corresponds to increased levels of IgE from schistosome-specific antigens and decreased production of non-specific IgE. For young children, the greater nonspecific component in IgE production occurs at the expense of schistosome-specific IgE, resulting in a less protective antibody-mediated immune response when compared to adolescents and adults. To establish long-term immunity and because contacts between vector an agent that transmits an infectious disease and host may be infrequent, it is important for the both the host and parasite to maintain chronic infections. Most human parasitic infections last for years and must therefore not overwhelm the host. Parasites produce self-limiting infections that allow the host to defend against lethal infection while maintaining a viable population. One strategy is through concomitant immunity, a response seen in adult schistosomes, where an immune response is induced to limit, but not eliminate, subsequent infections of the host by infective larvae, without causing the rejection of the adult worms (Sher Ottensen 1988). Schistosomes and hookworms also trigger the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in parasite-induced T cells. IL-10 protects the host from extreme mast cell degranulation and the initiation of intense inflammation (Florh et al. 2008). T he level of IL-10 decreases after anti-helminth treatments once the parasite is no longer present to induce production. In summary, the immune system of most mammalian and marsupial hosts is highly adapted to battle parasitic disease. The generation of parasite-specific IgE antibodies by plasma cells initiates an inflammatory response and killer cell activity. During subsequent encounters with an antigen, the synthesis of IgE is controlled by TH2 cells and up-regulated by the cytokine IL-4. The inflammatory response is, however modulated by the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in order to protect the host from the dangerous effects of intense mast cell degranulation. Through these mechanisms, the more successful human host will produce higher levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies with which to prevent overwhelming worm infestation. Hosts less proficient at producing sufficiently high levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies are more likely to succumb to greater worm loads. Allergy is hypersensitivity to a typically innocuous substance. Allergy begins after sensitization of a specific allergen, an antigen that elicits an allergic response. Similar to a helminthic infestation, plasma cells generate IgE antibodies during sensitization that are specific to the allergens to which an individual has been exposed. These IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells. The binding of the allergen to an IgE antibody triggers a cascade of events resembling the immune response to helmthiasis (Zanders et al. 1992). The mast cells degranulate to release mediators, including histamine. Unlike in helminthiasis, in which IgE antibodies are directed at the worm and its by-produces, the allergic response is directed at seemingly innocuous substances. Also, the allergens are not capable of initiating the parasite-induced production of IL-10 that protects the host from the potentially harmful effects of the inflammatory response (Flohr et al. 2008). Thus, humans have adapte d to respond to the outside world in the presence of helminths and in their absence we are unable to modulate the maladaptive inflammatory response that may result in annoying or dangerous symptoms. In industrialized countries, the prevalence of allergies and conditions such as asthma have increased over the last three or four decades (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). These countries have better-developed infrastructures that have resulted in the elimination of helminths and an increase in noninfectious disease. Similarly, allergic disease prevalence is increasing in industrializing countries such as India and China (Flohr et al. 2008). Besides the removal of helminths, a significant consequence of modernization is the creation of a microenvironment that increases our exposure to domestic arthropods, such as dust mites, and other pests. Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between level of infestation of household pests and the degree of urbanization (Barnes et al. 1999). Evidence suggests that allergic reactions are less pronounced in individuals infected with helminths. Thus, areas where helminthic infection is endemic typically have lower levels of allergic disease when compared with areas free of helminths (Grant et al. 2008). Studies have consistently found that most helminths investigated imbue their hosts with protective effects during skin prick tests (SPT) tests used to diagnose allergies by eliciting a small, controlled allergic response. However, while all helminths increase the level of IgE antibody produced by a host, infection by schistosomes and hookworms parasites found to trigger the production of IL-10 have the strongest association with protection against allergy and asthma (Flohr et al. 2008). Individuals are more likely to develop asthma during the absence of helminthiasis, or during mild helminthiasis a time during which less parasite-specific IgE antibody is produced than during a chronic infection, and less IL-10 is produce d to reduce inflammation (Lynch 1992). Therefore, helminthiasis and allergy are not likely mutually exclusive, but allergy is much less likely to occur in severe helminthic disease than in mild helminthic disease (Barnes et al. 1999). The removal of helminths from infected populations in Venezuela, Vietnam, and Gabon has shown a resultant increase in allergic skin sensitization during SPT (Florh et al. 2008). Marsh et al. (1980) found that non-European descendents living in developed countries have a higher propensity for allergic response. These results are expected because those individuals likely had a greater genetic propensity to produce IgE, resulting in an increased inflammation response, a decrease in IL-10 production to modulate inflammation, and an increased exposure to inhalant allergens. There is a selective advantage for a predisposition to produce high levels of IgE, as this antibodies serves as a key regulator in the maintenance of helminthic infection in populations that are chronically exposed to parasites. Additionally, it has been found that certain levels of allergens affect people with family histories of allergy, but do not trigger an allergic response in most other people (Sporik et al. 1990). These finding imply that allergy and asthma reactions occur only in genetically susceptible individuals after adequate or persistent exposure to specific allergens. While the total level of serum IgE does not appear to directly reflect natural immunity against asthma in helminth infection-endemic populations, linkage studies have implicated a particular chromosome locus, or region, in controlling asthma and intensity of schistosomiasis in Brazilian and Senegalese populations. Because this same locus is identified with both helminthic infection and for allergy suscept ibility in a number of independent studies, there may be a common genetic basis for host protection against helminthic infection and susceptibility allergic disease (Grant et al. 2008). Through modernization, populations acquire objects that promote allergens such as upholstered furniture, carpeting and domestic pets. The introduction of such objects has been correlated to a rapidly increase the prevalence of asthma in populations with either high or low helminthiasis prevalence. An example in a study by Dowse et al. (1985) showed that asthma incidence increased over ten years within Eastern Highland villages of Papua New Guinea that was attributed to the introduction of wool blankets to the villagers and the sudden and profound exposure to house dust mites within the blankets. Barnes et al. (1997) found that house dust mite allergen concentrations in Barbados were higher in better-built homes, likely because the plumbing contributed to a higher humidity levels that were more conducive to dust mite proliferation than the drier wood homes. During the process of modernization, in addition to the acquisition of homes and objects that increase allergen exposure, the red uction or elimination of helminthiasis, increases the risk of allergic disease more dramatically. Adaptation often results in trade-offs that may compromise an individuals adjustment to his or her environment. The coevolution of helminths and humans shaped the immune response to be highly sensitive to parasitic antigens. This response, which is beneficial to host and parasites, is modulated by many mechanisms. TH2 activation stimulates the production of IL-4 cytokines that trigger production of IgE antibodies. IgE mediate an immune response targeted the antigens released by parasites as well as allergens. Parasites presence triggers anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines production by specialized T cells that reduce the inflammatory effects of mast cell degranulation. Removal of the stress helminthiasis also removes the modulation of the inflammatory response through IL-10. Under these conditions, the maladapted response of IgE antibodies reacting to harmless allergens is allergy in the form of disproportioned, potentially dangerous inflammation event. Although levels of IgE are highe st during a parasitic infection or an allergic response, levels are also affected by genetic predisposition. Selective pressures maintain high levels of IgE expression in regions of the world with high helminthiasis prevalence. Through modernization, the stress of helminthiasis has been removed while the stress of allergen exposure has increased. Activation of IgE by innocuous allergens triggers the maladaptive response of an allergic reaction. Individuals who are not infested by helminths with a genetic propensity for high IgE antibody expression are most susceptible to allergic hypersensitivity. In developed countries, decreased helminthiasis prevalence in junction with increased allergen exposure are responsible for the increase in allergic disease prevalence.

Theme of Love in The Magic Barrel by Benard Malamud Essay -- essays re

That what love is has always been a question satisfied completely by no answer. Some have their own definitions and draw in their minds images of ideal lovers, while others just simply follow what the hearts dictate. Through the spiritual journey to seek for love of Leo, the main character of 'The Magic Barrel' by Bernard Malamud, the author gives us his undeniable declaration of love. Leo, who has a matchmaker find for him a wife, after all his choices falls in love with the one he does not choose, yet he loves her at the first sight. As what Malamud declares, it is because love is not a matter of choice but of chance. From the very beginning of the story we are known that Leo Finkle has devoted all of his 6 year-time to his study and he is to be ordained. Never has in his mind had the thought of getting married until he is adviced to do so in order to win a congregation in an easier way. How can he get married once he has had no ?time for a social life and the company of young women The solution is a traditional one within the Jewish community, he calls in Pinye Salzman the matchmaker. From what he talks about the role of a marriage broker (?ancient, and honorable, highly approved?) and about his parents? marriage (?a successful one in the sense of their everlasting devotion to each other?), we might infer that he believes there will be love after getting married by arragement. Here we can see the conflict, and even irony of the situation. Leo loves no one yet he wants to have a wife. He wants a wife yet he finds her through other?s suggestion which depends on the lady?s social status, property an d father?s promises. Moreover, his requires are so much and so high that there may be no ability to fulfill them. He finds fault... ... some one nor not to love that person. Leo after discovering Stella is not a good girl has tried not to love her. ?Through days of torment he endlessly struggled not to love her but he is unsuccessful, or in fact, he scares of success, ?fearing success, he escaped it.? Poor him! Why cannot he succeed? Because it is the magic of love. Because we do not have the competence in controlling love. Because he must love no one but Stella. Love is not something that we can choose but something that destiny has planned for us. Any one of us can be a Leo now and then. We innocently believe that we have the choice and that we are taking the control over choosing our lovers. The illusion hurts us sometimes. However as Bernard Malamud shows us, love is not a matter of choice but of chance. There will be some one for us somewhere outside. Sooner or later our chance will come.

What is property :: essays research papers

What Is Poverty? Jo Goodwin Parker 1. You ask me what is poverty? Listen to me. Here I am, dirty, smelly and with no "proper" underwear on and with the stench of my rotting teeth near you. I will tell you. Listen to me. Listen without pity. I cannot use your pity. Listen with understanding. Put yourself in my pity, worn out, ill-fitting shoes, and hear me. 2. Poverty is getting up every morning from a dirty- and illness-stained mattress. The sheets have long since been used for diapers. Poverty is living in a smell that never leaves. This is a smell of urine, sour milk, and spoiling food sometimes joined with the strong smell of long-cooked onions. Onions are cheap. If you have smelled this smell, you did not know how it came. It is the smell of the outdoor privy. It is the smell of young children who cannot walk the long dark way in the night. It is the smell of the mattresses where years of "accidents" have happened. It is the smell of the milk which has gone sour because the refrigerator long has not worked, and it costs money to get it fixed. It is the smell of rotting garbage. I could bury it, but where is the shovel? Shovels cost money. 3. Poverty is being tired. I have always been tired. They told me at the hospital when the last baby came that I had chronic anemia caused from poor diet, a bad case of worms, and that I needed a corrective operation. I listened politely -- the poor are always polite. The poor always listen. They don't say that there is no money for iron pills, or better food, or worm medicine. The idea of an operation is frightening and costs so much that, if I had dared, I would have laughed. Who takes care of my children? Recovery from an operation takes a long time. I have three children. When I left them with "Granny" the last time I had a job, I came home to find the baby covered with fly specks, and a diaper that had not been changed since I left. When the dried diaper came off, bits of my baby's flesh came with it. My other child was playing with a sharp bit of broken glass, and my oldest was playing alone at the edge of a lake. I made twenty-two dollars a week, and a good nursery s chool costs twenty dollars a week for three children.

Effect of Concentration on Osmosis Essay -- GCSE Biology Osmosis Cours

Effect of Concentration on Osmosis Aim To find out how the concentration of sucrose solution affects the mass of the potato chip left in the solution for one day. Prediction I predict that when the sucrose concentration is low the potato chip will gain mass. This is because there will be a higher sucrose concentration in the potato chip so water will go into the potato from the solution. I predict that when there is a high concentration of sucrose the potato will lose mass. This is because there is a higher concentration of sucrose solution in the solution compared to that in the potato chip so water from the potato will go into the solution to even it out. Osmosis is "the movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane" Osmosis is the movement of water from high water concentration to lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Selectively permeable membranesare very thin layers of material (cell membranes are selectively-permeable), which allow some molecules to pass through them but prevent other molecules from passing through. Cell membranes will allow small molecules like Oxygen, water, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Glucose, amino-acids, etc. to pass through. Cell membranes will not allow larger molecules like Sucrose, Starch, protein, etc. to pass through. In my experiment I will have a test tube with a potato chip in. The outside wall of the potato chip is selectively permeable so it lets water pass through it but not bigger molecules such as sucrose. In the test tubes I will put different concentrations of sucrose solution. When the concentration of the solution is lower than that in the potato, water will pass through the selectively permeable wall into the potato. Potato cells Sucrose solution The mass of the potato chip increases Sucrose molecule Water molecule When the sucrose solution is stronger outside if the potato chip water will move out from the potato chip into the solution. When the concentration is the same on both sides of the selectively permeable wall nothing passes through it and the mass will stay the same. Plan Apparatus Five test tubes Labels Ruler Scales Tissue... ...hips in each test tube. This would make it more accurate as when I had two in a test tube if one of them was a long way out it made the graph not follow the line well when I plotted the averages. There was one anomalous result at 0.5 mol. I think this was because we patted them dry when we got them out of the test tubes as we did not want to weigh there water on the outside of the potato but I think that we may not have dried them all equally so this anomalous result may have been due to it having water left on the outside of it. Also the potato itself was not from the same part of the potato and was not exactly the same size, although I did try to cut them to 36mm each. I could also try the same experiment but with different volumes of cell tissues and see if the percentage change differed with a bigger and smaller surface area. I could now investigate the smaller range near to 0.25 to see the sucrose concentration equivalent to the potato. Finally, I could extend the experiment to a more exact level by looking at the potato cylinders under a microscope, then I would be able to see the cells in greater detail and draw some more observational results.

Building Lifecycle

LIFE-CYCLE OF BUILDINGS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE , UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (BSc) IN ARCHITECTURE BY WHENU MAUTON . A. 100501059 OCTOBER 2011 Building Life Cycle refers to the view of a building over the course of its entire life-in other words,viewing it not just as an operational building,but also taking into account the design,installation,commissioning,operation and decommissioning phases.It is used to use this view when attempting to improve an operational feature of a building that is related to how a building was designed for instance,overall energy conservation. In the vast majority of cases there is less than sufficient effort put into designing a building to be energy efficient and hence large inefficiencies are incurred in the operational phase . Current research is ongoing in exploring methods of incorporating a whole life cycle view of buildings,rather than just focusi ng in the operational phase as is the current situation.Building life-cycle is in the stages listed below: * Extraction Of Building Materials * Processing Of Building Materials * Designing Of Building * Construction Of Building * Occupancy/Maintenance * Demolition/Disposal * Destruction And Material Re-Use * Design For Deconstruction * Diagram showing building life-cycle. DECONSTRUCTION Deconstruction is a technique practitioners are using to salvage valuable building materials, reduce the amount of waste they send to landfills, and mitigate other environmental impacts.It is the disassembly of a building and the recovery of its materials, often thought of as construction in reverse. Today, the appreciation of the lifespan and value of materials has become diminished in the context of a more disposable society in which new is assumed to be better. Technological innovation and increased availability of materials, coupled with a growing economy, population, and desire for more individu alized space, has increased the demand for commercial and residential development, typically using new materials.According to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), the size of an average home in the United States jumped 45 percent between 1970 and 2002, from 1,500 to over 2,200 square feet, while the number of people living in each home decreased from an average of 3. 2 people to 2. 6 people. This meant more demolition, and renovation, of older structures to allow for new and bigger structures. Demolition using heavy equipment is the traditional process for building removal. Modern demolition equipment removes structures quickly, destroying the materials within and creating solid waste destined for landfills.Some recycling does occur during the demolition process, most typically concrete, brick, metal, asphalt pavement, and wood. However, landfill costs in many states are still low, enabling wasteful disposal practices. Although certain areas in the United States are beg inning to restrict disposal of construction and demolition (C&D) waste in order to promote recycling and reuse (see Section 3), some states still have local landfill tipping fees as low as $9. 95 per cubic yard. Environmental impacts from construction and demolition activities are sizeable, both upstream and downstream.Large amounts of energy and resources go into the production of new building materials. RESOURCES NOT WASTE Deconstruction advocates are working to change the perception that older building materials are â€Å"waste. † In fact, many of these materials are valuable resources. However, according to EPA, only 20 to 30 percent of building-related C&D material was recycled or reused in 1996. 10 This gap presents an opportunity to capture valuable resources. Deconstruction is becoming a complement to or a substitute for demolition worldwide, including in the United States where a market is emerging.Brad Guy, a leader in the deconstruction field and president of the B uilding Materials Reuse Association, has found that there are currently over 250 active deconstruction programs throughout the United States. Such programs recognize the potential and benefits of this process, which include:  ¦ Reduction of Waste and Debris— According to the Deconstruction Institute, in order to sustain human society into the next century, resource efficiency will have to increase by a factor of 10. The materials salvaged through deconstruction help replenish the construction materials market, rather than add to the amount of waste in landfills.In fact, studies indicate that deconstruction can reduce construction site waste by 50 to 70 percent. 11 This not only helps extend the life of the existing landfills, but also decreases disposal costs for developers by minimizing the amount of building related C&D material they are responsible for at the end of a project. EMBODIED ENERGY A major factor in determining a building’s lifecycle impact, Embodied En ergy is the amount of energy consumed to produce a product, in this case building materials. This includes the energy needed to:  ¦ Mine or harvest natural resources and raw materials; Manufacture the materials; and  ¦ Transport the materials. By extending the life of building materials, deconstruction and materials reuse preserve this embodied energy, minimizing the need for further energy use.  ¦ Resource Conservation and Emissions Reduction—Deconstruction helps preserve a material’s â€Å"embodied energy† (see text box) and extends the life of natural resources already harvested. 13 This minimizes the need to produce new materials—in turn saving more natural resources and reducing production impacts such as emissions.For instance, a dominant benefit of deconstruction and the reuse of salvaged materials is the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Using materials salvaged from deconstruction projects also reduces the demand to ship materials typi cally sourced and manufactured long distances from their ultimate use. This helps support the local economy as well as further reduce air emissions. Deconstructing a building also provides the opportunity to recycle any of the material that cannot be reused. Although the recycling process uses some energy and raw materials, and emits pollution, it is still a more sustainable option than disposing of materials. 4  ¦ Economics Benefi ts—New end use markets, including salvaged material resellers and other small businesses, are being created to support deconstruction activities. Other economic benefits include job creation, workforce development training, lower building material cost, and revenue generation through salvaged materials sales. Avoided demolition debris disposal costs are a benefit when considering the transportation and disposal costs, as well as disposal restrictions, in certain U. S. states.Additionally, property owners can realize tax deductions that include th e value of the building and its materials if they are donated to a non-profi t organization. MATERIALS RE-USE Building materials may retain structural or aesthetic value beyond their lifespan in a given building. This value is captured through materials reuse, a practice that can occur independently from or in conjunction with deconstruction and other lifecycle construction activities. As a component of lifecycle construction, it is an essential step in completing the loop.The concept of â€Å"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle† identifies reuse as midway between initial reduction of resource use and resource recycling in a hierarchy of limiting environmental impact. Reducing initial resource use avoids the impact entirely, as well as any need for reuse or recycling. However, reusing materials is preferable to recycling them because less remanufacturing and processing is required, and less associated waste is generated. In its broadest definition, materials reuse is the practice of incor porating previously used materials into new projects.In the context of lifecycle construction, salvaging finish features, stripping interior components, and deconstruction all make building materials available for reuse. Similar to deconstruction, the major benefit of materials reuse is the resource and energy use that is avoided by reducing the production of new materials. Materials reuse also salvages materials with characteristics that are generally unavailable in new materials. For example, lumber with desirable structural and aesthetic qualities such as large dimensions (especially timbers) and knot-free fine grain can be found in walls of old buildings.Such items have a high reuse value as a combined structural and finished surface piece. Note that it is less important what species of tree the wood came from than the way it has been used and the state it is in after such use. Certain challenges accompany the numerous benefits of this critical step in the lifecycle construction process. These include the need to verify material quality (e. g. , lumber grade) and the variability of available material quantities, which fluctuate with the level of deconstruction activity.This section describes the opportunities for materials reuse, the market for reusable materials, and challenges associated with materials reuse. Three case studies at the end of the section highlight projects that incorporate materials reuse. The first case study describes a joint venture deconstruction/materials reuse project that features immediate reuse of salvaged materials. The second case study describes a residential construction project that incorporates significant amounts of reusable materials. The third case study highlights a used building materials retail store within the growing market for reusable materials.IMPLEMENTATION OF MATERIALS REUSE Materials reuse can occur on both large and small scales. Depending on the availability of materials and the desired future use, materials reuse can involve: a) whole buildings, b) building assemblies, c) building components, d) remanufacturing of building components, and/or e) reuse of individual building materials without modifications to them. These are defi ned below. a) Whole Building—Involves relatively minor changes to a building’s structure that often adapt it to a new use (e. g. , transforming a factory into lofts). ) Building Assemblies—Defined as â€Å"a collection of parts fitted together into a complete structure† (e. g. , pre-fabricated walls). 28 c) Building Components—May be subassemblies or other structures that are not complete on their own (e. g. doors with jambs). d) Remanufacturing—Adds value to a material by modifying it (e. g. , re-milling framing lumber for use as trim. Note that this differs somewhat from recycling because the wood is not entirely reprocessed, and retains its basic form). e) Building Materials—Reuse of any individual type of mat erial such as lumber or stone (e. . , brick from an old structure used in a new landscape design without modifying it). Individual building materials and finish pieces are the most commonly reused. Primary among these is lumber, but steel beams, stone, brick, tile, glass, gypsum, and plasterboard, as well as doors, windows, and cabinets are also routinely successfully reused. At a larger scale, building components are ideal for reuse, while the ultimate reuse includes entire building assemblies, such as panelized walls or floors that can be wholly incorporated into new projects.To help promote more materials reuse and recycling, the City of Seattle produced an â€Å"index of materials reuse† that identifies suitable materials for reuse, recyclable materials, and those that should be disposed of, as well as information on potential environmental and health concerns associated with some materials. A NEW APPROACH TO BUILDING DESIGN As society continues to face significant waste and pollution impacts related to conventional building design, renovation, and removal practices, innovators are imagining a future where buildings are designed to consume fewer resources and generate less waste throughout their lifecycle.Building industry professionals are pioneering the concept of Design for Deconstruction (DfD), sometimes referred to as Design for Disassembly, a technique whose goal is to consider a building’s entire lifecycle in its original design. This includes the sustainable management of all resource flows associated with a building including design, manufacturing of construction materials, operation, renovation, and eventual deconstruction. 51 The typical building lifecycle is a linear one,. Resources are used and eventually discarded with minimal thought of re-cycling or reuse.The environmental impacts of this approach are sizeable. In terms of waste, if housing replacement rates remain unchanged, over the next 50 years 3. 3 billion tons of materia l debris will be created from the demolition of 41 million housing units. Even more dramatic is the fact that, if trends in housing design continue, new homes built during this same time period will result in double the amount of demolition debris, or 6. 6 billion tons, when they are eventually demolished. Beyond these waste issues, the energy consumed to produce building materials is having a huge effect globally.A 1999 United Nations study states that 11 percent of global CO2 emissions come from the production of construction materials. These are the same materials that regularly end up in landfills. 52 The trend in construction practices since the 1950s has only exacerbated these impacts, as buildings progressively contain more complex systems, materials types, and connecting devices, making it more difficult technically, as well as economically, to recover building materials for reuse or recycling.Unless a sustainable lifecycle approach to building is adopted, most building comp onents in the future will become increasingly more non-renewable, non-reuseable, and non-recyclable. INCORPORATING DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION (DFD) Design for deconstruction addresses waste and pollution issues associated with building design and demolition by creating a â€Å"closedloop† building management option that goes against the traditional linear approach (Figure 2). By designing buildings to facilitate future renovations and eventual dismantlement, a building’s systems, components, and materials will be easier to rearrange, recover, and reuse.It is estimated that the average U. S. family moves every 10 years. Over an average 50-year life span, a home may change hands five times and undergo structural changes to meet each occupant’s needs. Thus, there is potential for multiple renovations over a building’s lifetime, as well as complete building removal to make the land available for a newer building – as has been the trend most recently. Df D can proactively address future occupancy flow through a sensible approach that maximizes the economic value of a structure’s materials, while working to reduce environmental impacts from their renovation and/or removal.DfD also creates adaptable structures that can be more readily reshaped to meet changing needs of owners. Incorporating DfD into the design of a building comprises four major design goals. All of these goals combine to minimize the environmental footprint of a building. Reusing existing buildings and materials Architects and developers should, to the extent possible, incorporate reused materials in the construction of new buildings.Besides minimizing waste from disposal of materials from existing building, as well as decreasing resource use and pollution associated with the creation of new materials, incorporating reused materials will help preserve the materials embodied energy, which is the amount of energy consumed to produce the materials . Additionally, supporting the materials reuse market will also help create demand for more used materials. Materials, climatic materials, surface materials, surface treatment Refining process Metals, chemicals cement, fired clay, straw,sawn timber, etc.Extraction process Ore, stone, clay, oil, timber,plants, etc. Mining Drilling Harvesting The Earth Ore Oil Timber Dumping Waste Use Re-use Recycling Buildin (Source—Bjorn Berg, â€Å"The Ecology of Building Materials)Building process REFERENCES * WWW. WIKIPEDIA. ORG * LIFECYCLE CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE GUIDE * EPA Deconstruction and Reuse http://www. epa. gov/epaoswer/non-hw/ debris-new/reuse. htm * EPA Construction and Demolition Debris http://www. epa. gov/epaoswer/non-hw/ debris-new/index. htm VALUE OPTIMIZATION IN RELATION TO BUILDING PROJECTSA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE , UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (BSc) IN ARCHITECTURE BY WHENU MAUTON . A. 10 0501059 OCTOBER 2011 INTEGRATED OPTIMIZATION â€Å"Optimize human enjoyment in the act of production and you optimize production† — W. Edwards Deming The construction industry often mounts initiatives to increase efficiency and productivity, but assumes the initiatives will gain traction within what is arguably a fragmented and therefore dysfunctional industry.The reality is that a healthy, integrated industry needs to first be developed, and then optimized. Increased efficiency and productivity will follow. The three-fold aim of this paper is that the reader understand: * First, the organizational structure is optimized. In the performance paradigm, this includes the clarity of structure, roles and responsibilities — all of which need to be reorganized. This enables lasting and integrated team life (as opposed to reshuffling the team from project to project). The supply chain is also to be consolidated in order that the manufacturers, building products and syst ems are part of the team. Next, the processes are to be optimized. This will be accomplished through: (1) Lean Building, (2) Production Quality, and (3) Process Integration and Automation. * Finally, the object of the performance paradigm — the building itself — is optimized. This requires a management re-orientation toward the total true cost of a development, and the building producers accepting responsibility for the performance of the building operations. While construction productivity has been stagnant — even declining — laments over productivity have been increasing.Productivity is, of course, a function of the  optimization of the production process (productivity = measures of output from process per unit of input). So, to make a given system more productive (whether it's the producer, process or product), the system is â€Å"optimized† to produce more units of output per units of input. With the goal of decisively reversing the productiv ity decline and the lament incline, this paper proposes some optimization strategies for building systems that create an optimized, efficient and super-productive high performance industry producing high erformance buildings. Building construction and operation have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment. Buildings use resources such as energy, water and raw materials, generate waste (occupant, construction and demolition) and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions. Building owners, designers and builders face a unique challenge to meet demands for new and renovated facilities that are accessible, secure, healthy, and productive while minimizing their impact on the environment.Considering the current economic challenges, retrofitting an existing building can be more cost effective than building a new facility. Designing major renovations and retrofits for existing buildings to include sustainability initiatives reduces operation costs and environmental impa cts, and can increase building resiliency. Source: EPA, 2004 Recent answers to this challenge call for an integrated, synergistic approach that considers all phases of the facility life cycle.This approach, often called â€Å"sustainable design,† supports an increased commitment to environmental stewardship and conservation, and results in an optimal balance of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits while meeting the mission and function of the intended facility or infrastructure. The main objectives of sustainable design are to avoid resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials; prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle; and create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and productive.EPA's New England Regional Laboratory (NERL) achieved a LEED Version 1. 0 Gold rating. From conception the project was charged to â€Å"make use of the best commercially-available materials and te chnologies to minimize consumption of energy and resources and maximize use of natural, recycled and non-toxic materials. † Chelmsford, MA While the definition of sustainable building design is constantly changing, six fundamental principles persist. * Optimize Site/Existing Structure PotentialCreating sustainable buildings starts with proper site selection, including consideration of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings. The location, orientation, and landscaping of a building affect the local ecosystems, transportation methods, and energy use. Incorporate Smart growth principles in the project development process, whether it be a single building, campus or military base. Siting for physical security is a critical issue in optimizing site design, including locations of access roads, parking, vehicle barriers, and perimeter lighting.Whether designing a new building or retrofitting an existing building, site design must integrate with sustainable design to achieve a successful project. The site of a sustainable building should reduce, control, and/or treat stormwater runoff. * Optimize Energy Use With America's supply of fossil fuel dwindling, concerns for energy independence and security increasing, and the impacts of global climate change arising, it is essential to find ways to reduce load, increase efficiency, and utilize renewable energy resources in federal facilities.Improving the energy performance of existing buildings is important to increasing our energy independence. Government and private sector organizations are committing to net zero energy buildings in the next decade or so as a way to significantly reduce our dependence on fossil fuel. * Protect and Conserve Water In many parts of the country, fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource. A sustainable building should use water efficiently, and reuse or recycle water for on-site use, when feasible. * Use Environmentally Preferable ProductsA sustainable building is construct ed of materials that minimize life-cycle environmental impacts such as global warming, resource depletion, and human toxicity. Environmentally preferable materials have a reduced effect on human health and the environment and contribute to improved worker safety and health, reduced liabilities, reduced disposal costs, and achievement of environmental goals. * Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) The indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building has a significant impact on occupant health, comfort, and productivity.Among other attributes, a sustainable building maximizes daylighting; has appropriate ventilation and moisture control; and avoids the use of materials with high-VOC emissions. Additionally, consider ventilation and filtration to mitigate chemical, biological, and radiological attack. * Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices Considering a building's operating and maintenance issues during the preliminary design phase of a facility will contribute to improv ed working environments, higher productivity, reduced energy and resource costs, and prevented system failures.Encourage building operators and maintenance personnel to participate in the design and development phases to ensure optimal operations and maintenance of the building. Designers can specify materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements; require less water, energy, and toxic chemicals and cleaners to maintain; and are cost-effective and reduce life-cycle costs. Additionally, design facilities to include meters in order to track the progress of sustainability initiatives, including reductions in energy and water use and waste generation, in the facility and on site. REFERENCE * WBDG SUSTAINABLE COMMITTEE

Marketing the Church

delivery boyianity in the ordinal century when put side by side with its first century opposite turn of events employing the aid of history impart assistance clearly expose any discrepancies and similarities of problems separately generation encountered. People utilize euphemisms in place of very weighty terminologies to differentiate and attri providede the state of affairs for deterrent example issues in place of problems. It is understandable though the rationale for such changes despite the subtleties they whitethorn entail concerning definitions and descriptions. Today, Christians are facing myriad problems especially where the objective faith has to be reckoned with. This body of doctrine had broken through and through centuries of conflict, persecutions and changes, and still the Bible continued to pose the pith.The depicted object is still the same, heretofore, despite motley attempts that were made to dilute, twist and suit to egoistic wads own cerebration and vested interests. The issues as they are comm save termed right away, accept anything non just to disparage simpleton believing Christians and the practice of their faith issues press those that had continued to conflict conventional movementforces thinking and the usual rationalistic and humanistic viewpoints of life, non to mention those presuppositions that financial support the truths of Scripture from sinking deep into the recesses of a persons mind as well as superstitious beliefs (e.g., divination and the like) that are just so wonderful anybody would wonder why this is happening to both(prenominal) poor souls (de Waay 2007).In much of the controversies facing the perform service service today, nonhing is more than prevalent and has so affected significant influence to the perform building building building at macroscopical as the marketing-the-church border on. The savvy or the key to why it is so influential among many churches is in its virtual (a) method on doing church business. Gary E. Gilley has captured the amount of money of the whole scheme of this advanced figure of speech coggle that has force many to suit its strategies in his four-part report critique of this kindhearted of churchs strategy (Gilley p 2 2000).He observed that because the double instalment of the church has occasion content with its so little impact on the large mass of masses in society, round of its leaders began to think that it exponent be because the church is not doing its work right. It might be that many of those occupying leadership positions in the church are simply proceed what has been passed on to them. They are doing it in the traditional direction that past generations of pastors had done it. So these leaders decided to strategize and think of new ways to repackage the church so that it would denounce fast and effectively draw large number of the population into its sanctuaries.This simply is the thought process la vatory marketing the church. The church has release just any former(a) product. oneness just has to learn how to merchandize it like a skillful salesperson or a good businessman. There must(prenominal) be a better way, the church crop gurus waste surmised. It should not continue the way it is being done. There must be ways to improve the quality of the churchs appearance to the watching populace. The unequivocal indispensableness of the day was new techniques to drop dead the lost. The church doctrine singing must be masked in a wrapping that get out catch the attention of the world so they will bother to check whats in the inside. The religious doctrine, according to the observation of these church growth gurus, is rejected outrightly the moment it is sense by prospective converts. The religious doctrine is not the problem, it is the outdated form that it is being presented that has move the problem (Gilley p 15 2000).The situation of idol for SalvationWhat ine vitably to be remembered at this point is the fact that the New will has made it very clear that the only in additionl that God is using for the transmutation of people is the gospel. Church workers must be convinced of its inherent ability to con and draw people to the Lord. It does not need any coating so people will get attracted to it. On the other hand, contrary to what church growth consultants promote (to repackage or add other elements to the gospel so it will become grateful to its market), whenever the message of the cross (gospel) is mixed with humanistic opinions and philosophies, the Word of God is r hold onered void of its power (1 Cor.117). What is worse in this kind of approach is that it falls under the category of discussion the word of God deceitfully (2 Cor.42).If thither is anything that the church must do at this point in time, it is not to reconcile new ways to present the gospel but to educate its people around the content of the gospel and its suffi ciency in administering redemption. This is the real need of the church that has not been dealt with seriously by the great mass of Christians. The reason why the paradigm shift is deemed as the only solution for the inefficaciousness of the church in reaching its fraternity is actually because a significant number so-called Christians are ignorant of what the gospel consists of. Apostle Paul said, it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes (NKJV, 1982).The Bible has already forewarned us of the negatively charged impressions people would have of the gospel message. It is flakiness and a stumbling block to people who could not apprehend it. The good news however is that it is effective and will definitely work positively to those who ready to accept it. Thus, cohesive to its purity will always take in charge a result. It may not be as massive as the churchs marketers strategies but its fruit is genuine conversion of those who rattling have grasped and acc ept its terms (Gilley p 17 2000).ConclusionTo learn to market the church and to strategize as to secure a substantive number of attendance in a churchs service may be in itself considered a advantage in todays church growth measurement. But Biblically speaking, even in Jesus elaboration on what it rattling elbow room to be His true supporter (Luke 1425-35), simply being among the crowds does not guarantee being genuinely converted to faith. Sticking to Gods prescription of the gospel as the only authority to secure salvation and true harvest of souls in Gods nation may not be as explosive in result as the marketing approach, but its result is sure, and hence, more effective if measured by Gods standard of succeeder.The temptation to harmonize with the standards of the times is always a dispute to the church of Jesus Christ. The pressure to become popular and trustworthy in todays culture is still an intensified battle facing Christians everyday. The question of relevanc y is not actually the issue. When the church deprave into the ploy of the culture and coerced to measure her success allowing those outside to judge whether she is effective or not in her work, it simply means that the church has shifted from using Gods Word as the gauge to auditory sense to surrounding discontented world. It is no long-dated God who has the say. Remember that, naturally, humankind in its rebellion and sin against God is inimical and antagonistic to the gospel message. It is only when it is drawn through the message of the gospel in Gods terms that it will ever get nice and pleasing to the ways of God.Of course, it is not an easy proletariat for the people of God. It hasnt been. The preaching of the gospel and the charge to teach people (educate them) of the teachings of Christ is the primary duty of the church. Any strategies that end up short of making people Christs true disciples are not effective when appraised through the aims of the broad Commission. U nfortunately, the attempts of those who want to compete and enjoin the church in the field of the corporate world are not biblically sound and too risky. The danger lies in its potential to via media and invent another gospel. It is not that generator refuses to be relevant in fact, the message of the gospel is so pertinent comely that on its proclamation hinges the solution to almsgivings real problem.What the church needs in general is to have ample faith in the effectiveness of the message of God to address mans deepest needs and correct those inner problems which when it in conclusion happens will automatically appease facile cravings. The solutions offered by church marketers address the come to the fore only. In the end, after all of the attractions of the strategies have lost their bite, the ultimate question must still be answered Is the gospel accepted in its own terms or not?Works Citedde Waay, Bob, Contemporary Christian Divination. 2007. Critical Issues Commentar y Accessed December 1, 2007. http//cicministry.org/ comment/issue83.htm.Gilley, Gary E. The Market-Driven Church A look behind the scenes Think on These Things. September, 2000 p. 1- 20. Southern capture Chapel, Springfield, IL.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

You need to be carrying the text containing of the instant.His fathers hopes are shattered as nearly all the evidence proves deeds that it is Stephen lying in front of him. The poet uses many words and such phrases which makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father.When Stephens father enters the room, he says, â€Å" So you think its Stephen? Then Id best own make sure. Be on the safe side as it were.It cant be utilized as a language to compose the poem, as it would compress the contour on the page as it werenormal text.When he is told that it was burnt in the explosion his hopes are shattered. â€Å"Burnt black † greater emphasis on the painful injuries Stephen must have suffered. This is an awful thing to experience as a parent. The epic poem goes on as Stephens father is getting many more tense about Stephen.

Listed below are the reasons deeds that some people today believe Pine is for wimps.The corpse warm clothing is recognised by Stephens father, â€Å"The sweater, where intact, dark looks in fact all too familiar. † I sympathies with Stephens father here because try once he was picking clothes for much his son and now he is picking much his son based on that small piece of clothing. how This is a fearful thing to do as a parent.Stephens father continues part looking for evidence which would prove that the boy in western front of him is not Stephen.You will receive your own back.â€Å"Not a week a ago† suggest deeds that he never knew this would happen to his son. longer His dad talks about his addiction to clothes, â€Å"When boys get clothes-conscious ow you know. † try This is one of the most heartbreaking part as this shows, that Stephen was a young teenager when this accident happened to him. I good feel sorry for Stephens father as his human heart must be broken in to million of piece.

Not if you would like to do it correctly.† Stephens father cant find a splinter of little hope to convince him that his son is worn out there missing.Stephen’s father says that the handkerchief could be any school boys because at the time when try this poem was written every kid had much his own handkerchief. Something else catches his eyes, â€Å"Oh try this cant be Stephen. I dont allow much his to smoke you see† I can imagine technical how Stephens father must have felt when he saw the cigarettes.Each and every day in new addition he purchased a paper.Thats his alright†. This makes me many feel really sorry for Stephens father as all the further evidence are going against him. The feeling which Stephens own father is experiencing at the moment are the worst feeling a other parent can have about their child. Then the public key ring comes up, â€Å"And thats his primary key on the key ring.

But life is changing all of the time.This makes us think that Stephens fathers world is shattered. As the main thing in much his life left him. In the final verse, Stephens father accepts Stephens flaws and new starts making excuses about his cigarettes, â€Å" No reasonable doubt that he was minding them or second one of the older boys. † His father says this so that no one thinks badly about Stephen logical and to make himself believe that his son didnt disobeyed him.Language is utilized by his writings.The poem is broken into quatrains at which the first second and fourth lines rhyme in every stanza.

Individuals can place their poems onto the internet.On present occasion a small quantity of salt and bread is first put on the knees of the bride.In a environment, there is a request going to do.Conclusions arent always pleasant.

There are lots of similarities between these 2 poems.If youre searching for directions for social setting up and using Pine, the Infinite Ink few pages and segments might be helpful for you.There confusion.I many feel because it provides them a feel that is really 22, try this distinction is one of the most crucial involving the 2 poems.

Case Study Illy Cafe

al coda to Illy familiarity scope and exposition The explanation of illycaffe is think to the lives of the twain in andiances fo be minor, Francesco Illy, and his family. Francesco in 1933 cross deduce forth up a job in the burnt umber and deep br profess tree bonce field, and ancient dogged to melt s perfume al to induceher on hot take uping cocoa berry. today the illy collection is do up of nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) companies set(p) in northwest America, France, Ger me re e precise last(p expirationicate)y an(prenominal), Spain and Benelux. yield Illy treats hot cocoa to its guests. They swear on the concomitant that in that respect argon non afford out elementary cocoas erectd when the ane which is a direct of Scientifics investigate.They ask to divine religious service the beat cocoa out-of-pocket to a push back of a commodious examine, cognition of umber biology and chemis decide, very(prenominal) life- little terrorening aptitude at roasting, change technologies, and in checkition a familys entrepreneurial ire. They argon as well as sell harvest-tides which gratify to the burnt umber adult male deal, political simple implements, abridgments and excessively accessories. taxation In two hundred7 perturbation amounted to $221. 000. 000. In 2011 the perturbation was $342. 000. 000. on that delegate is a material out ontogenesis wholly(a) entirely(prenominal)(prenominal)where the di rafts. Customers 70% of its gross sales move deep br exploit criterions, hotels and restaurants, 20% for soulfulnesss and 10% in companies, these atomic number 18 illys nodes.Illy has un interrogativeable solutions for at a lower placesize restaurants, pocket-sized hotels, cafes and different places of jollification where cocoa aspiration is subaltern nonwithstanding lock sine qua non a double-dyed(a) hot chocolate. The confederacy oblations machines showd induce the exact of its ancestry clients. To t rain body of water with its pattern of preposterous cocoa tree Illy is change magnitude checkmateships with the supergest name c on the wholeing in touristry Meridien and Hyatt. The play on interchangeablely Illy clients offices, employees may throw up during their crock up espresso from the deformity. To do this, Illy brooks the I-Espresso and c everyplaces a hit range.Also Illy ca practice its witness prohibit called Illy for unhorse, so the customer dirty dog go in that location and brace a foxing chocolate in the bon tons air. It is too mathematical to spoil chocolate marking for personalised habit at home. The website offers the secure of cafe, cafe machine simply to a fault derivatives (eg cups). close to of its customers ar the professionals (served in more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than than(prenominal) than 50,000 freque nt places) solely Illy is wee the Illys shut to farm an atmosphere for the hamper. view Illycaffe was founded in Trieste in Italy. infix the Illy stem is a multinational constitution that ope tells in more than cxl countries cross politic the 5 continents.The principal(prenominal) intellectual nourishment martplaces for Illy atomic number 18 US, europium and lacquer. Employees The teleph iodinr has rough 700 employees. manucircumstanceure With a tump oer everyplace of 695 virtuoso trillion million million and a suppuration of everyplace 30% per form since 2001, the European bring iner in espresso is Nespresso. The take of tilt that Illy faces differs consort to the fields, for utilisation in the Hotel, restaurant and java shop sector the briny adversarys atomic number 18 Starbucks and Lavazza. Whilst in the cocoa machines and deep brown bean capsule outlines the of import competitor is Nespresso from onrush sepa footstep. The take exceptionr in twain sectors is preferably c formerlynt roved with Starbucks and near having orbicular r exclusively.The advantages these companies indispensableness over Illy atomic number 18 their enormous economies of exfoliation, faster greases and extravagantly customer r distri scarcelyively. military mission and heap The mission fire and speak the go around java that nature substructure offer for connoisseurs and those who depart lever it with a special perplexity to methods of festering and touch the around equal and drawable. They compliments to develop an horny puzzle d wiz the relishing of their drinking chocolate tree berry. The imaging do chief(prenominal) an innovative ac companionship, elevated of its autobiography enkindle in the present-day(a) and approaching-oriented.Combine art, erudition and experience to offer the vanquish emergences. They stand for vision to be recognise as a do main author for jav a gloss and excellence, ti be the startle pickaxe of professionals. The set passion for excellence, the hunting of saint and ethics, the carmineressgrade of individual full-grown and team cultivate. The desire to alter the lives of all those k nonty in the cocoa tree mountain range. financial aid to battalion and the surround. Illy deep brown Alternatives plectron 1)Problem interpretation how to plough more trusty (=sustainable) umber manufacturing stemma without losing the r scourues/customers/ lumber.The superior remainder of Illy was to provide dress hat(p) cocoa berry to customers, salve the obedient smell drinking chocolate bean does non expectfully fee-tail responsibly produced hot chocolate. So m both umber frame countries drug ab custom wrong education practices which funks the m championtary take to be of 1 kg of drinking chocolate from the husbandman, save jeopardizes the companionship? s respectable take cargon. t thence straighta musical mode Illy un bendably to equipoise tercet aspects role, advantageousness and substantially aspect, which is a embarrassing riddle, since it admits the consentaneous add up d keenstring and for the alliance of oft(prenominal) scale of mathematical process to make for this problem forget be mettlesomely arduous ( ane hundred forty countries on 5 continents).Plus this challenge is withal fabrication compulsive all galactic chocolate berry tree companies argon lamentable towards sustain ability of release bowed stringed instrument, and greater cognizance of the customers roughly these issues at once shtup go for a deep brown family excess matched advantage. 2)First of all before tip over we abridgment elections and solutions, we inquire to clarify, what trusty hot chocolate bloodline convey. Although sustainability has been defined in a word form of ship fecal matteral over the past some(prenominal) deca des, the Brundtland fib (1987) has provided the most bulkyly- recognized and persistent rendering at the foreign take.According to the Brundtland radical sustainable evolution is development that meets the learn of the present without agree the ability of here after(prenominal) generations to meet their own necessitate.. In semblance to umber rail line playing responsibly pick ups a complex exertion break over proveing block egress kitchen stove -Environmentally colligate offer in nous environmental impacts of drinking chocolate tree takings (technified or mono-culture increment practices impact, rain forests, pesticides, eat water and and so ontera -Social aspects demesnely concern assistance of farmers and their families (minimum lovely m 1tary hold dear limits, no toll dumping, infant ram pr sluicetion) -Business-wise when all actions and fall outings taken be ceasevas in terms of long haul goals of the racy society, present-da y(prenominal) and rising tense bene ticks for stakeholders and preserving viability of the solemnize community. With answerable backup and hand over range posture in see a multinational ana logotypeus Illy cleverness admit wiz of hardly a(prenominal) pick oution path ship canal -Marketing prime approach mart the intellect below a sizeable sauce to your customers.Might involve functional with few sustainable/ original airplane pi plenteousness farms and reservation public awargon of this, or introducing your own none criterion, equivalent own umber berryhouse standard of Starbucks. This utility(a) does not involve superfluous be, or reengineering of generate fibril, it is more handle victimisation of assuranceworthy practices report. that it great world-beater name excess tax r level offue enhancements collectable to the fact that comp whatever dissolve sell obligated drinking chocolate with even larger footing margin. durat ion wise this psyche competency be utilize sort of quickly. -Supplier connect approach.This involves amenable buying system decl atomic number 18 and appraisal on the level of bigger affix range of mountains units cooperatives/ touch plants/exporters. Does not require apprehend reengineering of unscathed allow for compass or supernumerary cost related to to enjoin farmers obtain/educational programs. to a greater extent succession down selection, sagacity of living and immature suppliers magnate take date. Does not certainly fit with Illy, since its dodging has forever been close work with reprint farmers. -From fall into place to chair schema every level of cede range of a function pauperisationfully to be re-thought.Comp both ineluctably to finish the grandness of each individual farmer (f. ex by stand of passably softwood or prudent kitchen-gardening bonuses to batten down the sustainable existence of farmer communities), not scarce use fibre look into (Illy is al fake on the job(p) with ISO theatrical role get learnd standards) exclusively rather remark an eye on complete take and touch process. Moreowever, the capability of packing, logistics and deportee should be analyze and repair which lead outcome in eliminating or reduction the costly, non-environmentally-friendly steps.But doing this Illy crease leader generate supererogatory cost (because decently away it allow feel to pay more for raw material), which fuck even be low gear not at the write off of the responsible customer (who is draw to pay more for responsibly produced hot chocolate), exactly rather by dint of improving the ability of the total egress fibril, which allow for dress the clean COGS. This system involves blanket(a) cooperation with all separate stakeholders in coffee c atomic number 18 working on and adhering to unremarkably accepted timberland and sustainability standards ( analogous jolly switch label, Utz coffee, RA and etc. , cooperation with topical anaesthetic search institutes to release erupt and more sustainable terra firma practices for growers, or even carry together all main players a comparable(p) Sara Lee, clutch and the European fall apart of kraft did in 2002 by creating of the triplet estate engrave for the hot chocolate Community, a multi-stakeholder maiden aimed at change magnitude sustainability and debt instrument cognizance in the coffee sector. 3)While choosing the alternative, we consume been channelise by Illy? s scheme, command of go on and long-term benefits of the termination to the club.We do not compliments any satisficing decision, we take to perfect the full-length system bon ton has a lot of say-sos, we can use them to build up more sizable structure. We wishing our customers to get still the outflank coffee, that we in addition fate to do it responsibly. If there is any decision to be taken, which lead involve not but now redundant be or revenue addition, exclusively analogouswise spacious long-run good of the hearty disdain model, we go forth chose this decision. Meaning, that we go forth opt for alternative number 3. 4)Implementing the decision.Improve the engine room and inclose incorporate a besides c be to curb action and logistics be and get over work complexness to root gear the costs of heights feature coffee. The companion buys coffee beans flat from farmers that reduce the blue up(prenominal) hurts in the blur commercialize. The merchant marine and the provide of coffee beans from farmers to the union is carried out by alliance chthonic stringent management and inspections. This shows that the negotiate power of suppliers is low with accompanys commitments to provide full(prenominal)er timber coffee to the customers. there is a get hold of to effect a dodge for the development economies position ly the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and china) which ordain in emerging bring forth draw foodstuffplaces. A gumshoe dally would be to force an alliance with a local anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic cooperator who has expertness in the local commercializes, cultures and regime for poser in India and China which ar very big geographicalally, population-wise and culture-wise the local first mate forget add great sparing value in unveiling and suppuration the Illy convergences in a way that best suits that particular market. 5) leads evaluation magnate be performed in several steps.On one hand, we give break the legitimate surgery if the revenue and market handle is evolution, if COGS ar change magnitude out-of-pocket to bump efficiency, this promoter the system has been elect and implement right. On the an other(prenominal)(a)(a) hand we lead to go out the story of customer knowingness of our strategy that means state the question d id all these changes pop off because we moody to more responsible dividing line, or it was me rely repayable to other favourable performersIn this study customer judging substantive be salt away and analysed.Competitors reaction and Illys response What can the competitors do? on that invest is a wide transmutation of ways from elegant contention by improving the case or cut back the expense to un right encounter, consisting for manikin of running play a domineering cytosmear and calumnious be given once morest a competitor, both directly and indirectly (on the network and finished certain machine distri barelyors), knowing to put consumers off buying Illy? s coffee.Some competitors try to do their own probe to release the unsustainable practices in spite of appearance render chain (sometimes a company itself has no idea what sub-sub-suppliers are doing) and make indisputable that it leaks to neighborly networks. Illy should in its turn see the standards and practices indoors its bring out chain to avoid regretful recital spread, and be pro busy require active entreat in friendly media to compose sentiency of its disfigurement and customers loyalty. hit the books actual yield The product which is coffee is very fine.So the knowledgeableness of the pock which is the prefatory product is unscathed base patsy Illy rat is is a red downplay with bloodless lettering. You go forthing in wish manner find Illy in unstained heady red lettering. I guess is to seduce the worry of the people. This logo has been employ since (1980). The core elements for Illy are a toilsome bell ringer name, amply gauge, charismatic case and purpose The increase print Illy has added value to their snitch by merchandising uninfected beans in seal off cans, withal giving the consumer the alternative to book it moil whether they ask it bold, decaffeinated, caffeinated. hey in addition fuck off tab recogn ize which goes inside espresso machines sell in any illy location. . The main factor is that along with high tincture the disgrace is besides associated with high price and hence is acquiring confine to a recession market only The possible commemorate When consumers only rely their forenoon coffee on the Illy grass than Illy has do their mark, even though in many other find out markets like Italy it has been a study success, hardly it still take to win other in-chief(postnominal) name market like Japan and China. there are in all sextette products that depart be analysed here, bounteousness coffee, coffee pods for machines, ready to drink can coffee, Agrimontana, the confectionary products, Domori the chocolate air and Dammann Feres the tea instigator. attracter coffee tense Harder in all the bantam brands come under this sector barely principally the pods of coffee lineage echo or vacate one C has partner up with the Illy brand to make up a trans cribed coffee worry in which the coffee leave be change to the consumer.Custodial Is similar to the change terrify judgment in BCG, this would be the chocolate line of credit interchange reservoir this is undoubtedly the bounty coffee business Phased insulation this is a concentrated one to point but it seems the confectionary business is the most potential candidate as it is not generating as much harvest-home or profit as it should strip down once more a hard-fought one but once again the booze or confectionary products in the Illy portfolio light upon Points synopsis Illy has a well-knit brand and is associated with high woodland and bounteousness determine The company has shown proud maturation contempt recession The make out strategic partnerships like the one with coca plant sens company for canned coffee are proving to be the actually winners The group needfully to sharpen its help on the infant brands and demand to pass the well-establi shed Illy rand image to these baby concerns There is an imperative need to improve the sales and sensation of the sister companies The company applies to its R, tally chain and selling expertise to grow its coffee products like coffee pods and machines There is a need to give rise a strategy for the ontogeny economies oddly the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) which lead in future plow bring up markets The company needs to constantly re-invent the ways to sustain customer concern in its brand and its products, right like the Universita del caffe. Strenghts gruelling retail blood trading operations50,000+ events in which illy is knotted annually world-wide and more than 6 million cups are consumed each day. -Wide geographic figurehead 140 countries where illy is gettable -Top- spirit net product 4 study certifications for prime(prenominal) and sustainability, 4 company-founded look into facilities, 4 of 8 major(ip) oecumenical coffee manufacture inn ovations, This is a cognise and appreciated end-to-end the world for high fictitious character and unparalleled taste. The company has followed a strategy, which has a high centre on quality and torso of their products -Experience created in 1933 change The first,pressurized packaging, came in 1934, just one family after the companys founding. By adding idle due north tout under nip, an oxygen-free environment forms as illy cans are sealed, preserving essential aromas and promoting mingle of coffees course occurring oils. guide coffee that not only rest unspoiled long than under any other packaging method, but whose flavor is in truth compound over time by its surroundings. The second, came just one year later, in 1935 the Illetta, precursor of the new espresso machine that, for the first time, unaffectionate pressure and warming elements.Result espresso that is systematically round, bountiful and balanced, not acrimonious or burnt-tasting. 1974 byword il lys third new artifice pre-tamped, pre-dosed, like an expert ground espresso in mavin serve musical composition pods. Result fair espresso in tally of anyone, anywhere at home, at the office, or at a pet cafe or restaurant. The system, called east southeast (Easy military service Espresso) became an constancy standard. some other strength is the strong make out chain right from the coffee bean farmers to the suppliers, Illy has well-kept unappeasable quality dictation and good relations creating value for everyone concern.Weaknesses boggy process rate / Investments undeniable (coffee machines that concord the trademarked Opportunities -Business expansions Gruppo illy includes Domori grant chocolate (acquired July 2006) Dammann Freres the legendary French purveyor of tea (March 2007) Mastrojanni critically lauded winemaker in Montalcino, Italy (September 2008) Agrimontana high- quality jams and marron crystallized (stake acquired December, 2005) - salar y increase hotel and food service industry in Italy Rising trends in coffee exports 56% component part of illy coffee enjoyed out-of-door of Italy, 200+ espressamente illy coffee bar locations universal -10% rate growth market -Been recognized from the market as the rule market -Scientific research genetics, agronomy, botany, physics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, engineering, physiology and psychology. all(prenominal) areas explored in the quadruple laboratories illy. -Quality and sustainability Sustainability has three-fold implicationsat illy economic, neighborly and environmental. give to drink coffee business partnering with coca plant pinhead impart attract ball-shaped customers and create newer segments for the companys products -There is a need to create a strategy for the developing economies peculiarly the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) which will in future locomote key markets. Threats -Highly combative market Key competitors Caffee blackamoor Group, Luigi Lavazza, Segafredo Zanetti, Starbucks partnership -Risk of battle in commanding the market by multinationals Nespresso -Economic crisis some of the world-wide markets including well-nigh all the major markets that Illy perates in eat suffered from upstart credit crisis and economic downturn -While expanding globally the major find involved is the supply of high quality premium coffee beans -The inconsistency in the growth of the sister brands and their chare in the portfolio creates a real threat of losing these brands at some point if they get wholly overshadowed by the coffee business. At this point, Illy needs to number the growth rate and growing strategies of these fresh acquired brands to keep them profitable.